Kudziŵa za Maganizo ndi chitaganya cha Iceman

TIYENI tibwererenso kwa Ötzi. Kodi iye anali wopulukira, buluthu, ndi wosadziŵa za kukongola kwa zinthu? Kodi ziŵiya zake, zida zake, ndi zovala zake zimavumbulanji?

Zida zake zimavumbula kuti Ötzi anali ndi chidziŵitso chabwino kwambiri cha zinthu zoponya. Mivi iŵiri yomalizidwayo inali ndi nthenga ku thendere kwake. Nthengazo zinamangidwa chopendeka kuchititsa muviŵo kuzungulira pouluka, kuuchititsa kulunjika mosaphonya pamlingo wa mamita 30. Zovala zake zachikopa (zikopa za nyama zosiyanasiyana) zimatisonyeza kanthu kena ponena za mavalidwe osiyanasiyana a m’nyengo imeneyo. Lerolino, chovala sichimangokhala chobisa thupi komanso chimakhutiritsa chikhumbo cha mavalidwe okongola. Bwanji ponena za m’nthaŵi ya Ötzi? Polongosola zotumbidwazo, magazini a Time akunena kuti: “Mkawo umenewo unali wosokedwa mopindirira mwaluso pamodzi ndi nkhosi za mtsempha kapena luzi la chomera, mumpangidwe wokongola kwambiri.” Ponse paŵiri zosokedwazo ndi njira imene zinasokedweramo zinachititsa “mpangidwe wokongolawo,” likutero buku lotchedwa Der Mann im Eis (Munthu wa m’Madzi Oundana). Pamwamba pa mkawo wake, Iceman anavala “chovala chosokedwa ndi udzu, choletsa kuzizidwa, chimene chiyenera kuti popumula chinakhala ‘matiresi’ kuti asagone pansi.”—Focus.

“Luso locholoŵana losayembekezereka” la zipangizo zake linaonedwanso, ikutero Time. Mwachitsanzo, mpeniwo unali wokwanira wokhala ndi “chimake chopangidwa mwaluso, cholukidwa ndi zomera.” Pamenepo, mwachionekere Iceman anakhalako m’nyengo imene inalidi “yolemera ndi yaulimi kwambiri,” monga momwe Giovanni Maria Pace akuilongosolera m’buku lake lakuti Gli italiani dell’Età della pietra (Ataliyana a m’nyengo ya Stone Age).

Tikhoza kunenanso za bowa wopezedwa pafupi ndi Ötzi. Mwina unagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga wokolezera moto, koma akatswiri akunena kuti ukuonekera kuti Iceman anali nawo chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yopha tizilombo m’thupi kapena yochiritsa matenda, monga mbali ya “thumba la mankhwala” loyenda nalo.

Maganizo a kukongola kwa zinthu, luso la kulingalira, chidziŵitso cha zamankhwala, ndi luso la kusula zipangizo za chitsulo, ulimi, ndi luso la manja—zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti anthu okhalako m’nthaŵi ya Iceman anali anzeru ndi aluso m’zinthu zambiri, mosiyana ndi lingaliro limene limaperekedwa kaŵirikaŵiri. Katswri wa zam’mabwinja Wachibritishi Dr. Lawrence Barfield ananena kuti: “Ndi oŵerengeka chabe a ife lerolino amene ali ndi lililonse la maluso amene anthu ochuluka akanakhala nawo m’nthaŵi ya zaka zikwi zinayi [B.C.E.].” Mwachitsanso, zoonerapo za maluso awo zimaoneka m’zojambula zawo zapamanja ndi zopanga zawo za chitsulo ndi zadothi zofukulidwa m’manda.

Mkhalidwe wa Chipembedzo

“Malinga ndi zimene akatswiri apeza, sikunayambe kwakhalapo, kulikonse, panthaŵi iliyonse, anthu amene analibiretu mtundu wa chipembedzo m’lingaliro lililonse,” ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Polankhula za ntchito yaikulu imene chipembedzo chinachita m’nthaŵi zakale, Dizionario delle religioni (Dikishonale ya Zipembedzo) inanena kuti “poyerekezera ndi mlingo wa zinthu ndi nyonga zimene zinagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, zochuluka kwambiri zinagwiritsiridwa pantchito zachipembedzo.”

Maganizo a zachipembedzo a m’nthaŵi ya Ötzi ayenera kuti anali ofala. M’malo ambiri, manda akalekale apezedwa amene apereka umboni wakuti panali miyambo yamaliro yosiyanasiyana ndi yambiri. Papezekanso mafano adothi ambiri amene amasonyeza milungu ya magulu a milungu akale.

Mbiri ya Anthu Yakale ndi Baibulo

Chotero, kutsungula kumene kunatumbidwa mwa kufufuza za m’nthaŵi yakale kunali kocholoŵana. Chithunzi chimene chikuonekera si chija cha kutsungula kovutikira pakati pa zovuta zambiri, kuti apeze chipambano chooneka kukhala chosatheka cha kupanga chitaganya cholinganizika bwino. Malinga ndi kunena kwa olemba mbiri, zitaganyazo zinali m’maukulu osiyanasiyana koma zolinganizika bwino lomwe.

Zimenezi nzofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira Baibulo. Buku la Genesis limasonyeza kuti kale kwambri m’mbiri ya anthu—ndipo makamaka pamene anthu ‘anabalalika dziko lonse lapansi’—panakhala kutsungula kocholoŵana ndi kolinganizika bwino lomwe, kopangidwa ndi anthu aluntha la maganizo ndi maluso akuuzimu.—Genesis 11:8, 9.

Baibulo limapereka umboni wakuti ngakhale m’nthaŵi zakale kwambiri, anthu anali ndi maluso akupanga ndi kujambula zinthu ndi manja, monga kusula ‘mkuwa ndi chitsulo.’ (Genesis 4:20-22) Malinga ndi zolembedwa m’Baibulo, anthu nthaŵi zonse akhala ndi chikhumbo cha kulambira mulungu. (Genesis 4:3, 4; 5:21-24; 6:8, 9; 8:20; Ahebri 11:27) Ngakhale kuti kulambira kwake kunaluluzika m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, munthu “akali wopembedza wosasinthika,” ikutero The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

Kufunafuna Kumene Anachokera

Ngakhale kuti kufufuza zam’mabwinja sikunathe kuyankha mafunso onse obutsidwa ndi kutumbidwa kwa Ötzi, iko kwatizindikiritsabe za chitaganya chimene anakhalamo—chitaganya chocholoŵana, chosiyana kwambiri ndi chithunzi cha nthaŵi zonse cha nyengo zotchedwa zokhalako mbiri isanayambe. Chinali chotsungula kwambiri kuposa zimene ambiri amaganiza.

Pomaliza, kuwonjezera pa maumboni a maonekedwe a Iceman ndi zinthu zake, monga momwe National Geographic inanenera, “pafupifupi chinthu chilichonse chokudza iye chili mbali ina chinsinsi, mbali ina chokayikirika.” Pakali pano, Ötzi ali chigonere m’chipinda chozizira mu Innsbruck, Austria, pamene akatswiri oposa 140 a m’magulu osiyanasiyana akuyesayesa zolimba kuti amasule zinsinsi zina za Iceman amene anachokera m’madzi oundana.

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Akatswiri a sayansi ya forensic medicine akupenda thupi la Iceman ku Innsbruck

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi: Archiv Österreichischer Alpenverein/Innsbruck, S.N.S. Pressebild GmbH