Malembo Apamanja a Baibulo Achihebri Achitsanzo

ISANATUMBIDWE Mipukutu ya Kunyanja Yakufa mu 1947, malembo apamanja a Baibulo Achihebri oyamba kudziŵika​—kusiyapo zidutswa zingapo​—anali a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 9 mpaka zaka za zana la 11 C.E. Zimenezo ndizo zaka zosakwanira chikwi chimodzi zapitazo. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti isanafike 1947 malemba Achihebri a Baibulo anali osatsimikizirika? Ndipo kodi nchifukwa ninji panali malembo apamanja Achihebri ochepekera amakedzana?

Kuyamba ndi funso lomaliziralo, m’dongosolo la Ayuda osunga mwambo, malembo apamanja a Baibulo Achihebri alionse olingaliridwa kukhala othaitha anakhomeredwa m’genizah, chipinda chosungira zinthu m’sunagoge. Pambuyo pake, mulu wa malembo apamanja othaithawo unkachotsedwamo ndi kukwiriridwa. Ayuda anachita zimenezi kuchinjiriza Malemba awo kuti asachotseredwe ulemu kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito molakwa. Chifukwa? Chifukwa chakuti anali ndi Tetragiramatoni, zilembo Zachihebri zoimira dzina lopatulika la Mulungu, limene kaŵirikaŵiri limapezeka m’Chicheŵa monga “Yehova.”

“Korona”

Kwakukulukulu, malemba Achihebri amakedzanawo anajambulidwa mokhulupirika kuyambira kalelo. Mwachitsanzo, panali malembo apamanja Achihebri ofunika, otchedwa Keter, “Korona,” amene poyamba anali ndi Malemba onse Achihebri, kapena “Chipangano Chakale.” Anali kusungidwa m’sunagoge wakale koposa wa chitaganya chaching’ono cha Ayuda okhala ku Aleppo, Syria, tauni imene kwakukulukulu iri ya Asilamu. Poyambirira, malembo apamanja ameneŵa anasiidwa kwa Ayuda Achikaraite m’Yerusalemu, koma anafunkhidwa ndi Ankhondo Zamtanda mu 1099. Pambuyo pake, malembo apamanjawo anapezedwanso natengeredwa ku Old Cairo, Igupto. Anafika ku Aleppo m’zaka za zana la 15 ndipo pambuyo pake anadzadziŵika monga Bukhu Lamakedzana la Aleppo. Malembo apamanja ameneŵa, a pafupifupi m’chaka cha 930 C.E., anayesedwa monga korona wa maphunziro a Amasoreti, malinga ndi tanthauzo la dzina lake. Iwo ali chitsanzo chabwino chosonyeza chisamaliro choperekedwa pojambula malemba a Baibulo ndipo analidi chitsanzo cha malembo apamanja Achihebri.

M’nthaŵi zaposachedwapa, osunga malembo apamanja apadera ameneŵa, chifukwa cha kukhulupirira malaulo kuti zinthu zawo zopatulika zingaluluzidwe, sanalole akatswiri kuwapenda. Ndiponso, popeza kuti panangojambulidwa tsamba limodzi chabe, palibe kope la bukhulo limene linafalitsidwa kuti lipendedwe.

Pamene asirikali a Briteni anachoka ku Palestine mu 1948, zipolowe zinabuka ku Aleppo motsutsana ndi Ayuda. Sunagoge wawo anatenthedwa; bukhu lamakedzana lofunikalo linazimiririka ndipo linalingaliridwa kukhala litawonongedwa. Pamenepo, kunali kodabwitsa chotani nanga, patapita zaka khumi, kumva kuti pafupifupi zigawo zitatu mwa zinayi za bukhulo zinapulumuka ndi kuzembetsedwa kuchoka ku Syria kupita ku Yerusalemu! Mu 1976 makope ake okwanira 500 amawonekedwe okongola anafalitsidwa.

Bukhu Lolembedwa Mwaukatswiri

Kodi nchifukwa ninji malembo apamanja ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri? Chifukwa chakuti zilembo zake zoyambirira zamakonsonanti zinakonzedwa ndi kuikidwa zizindikiro zoŵerengera podzafika pafupifupi 930 C.E. ndi Aaron ben Asher, mmodzi wa akatswiri otchuka ophunzitsidwa kujambula ndi kutembenuza Baibulo Lachihebri. Chifukwa chake linali bukhu lamakedzana lachitsanzo, lopereka muyezo wa makope amtsogolo opangidwa ndi alembi aluso locheperapo.

Poyamba linali ndi mipukutu 380 (masamba 760) ndipo kwakukulukulu linalembedwa m’madanga atatu pamasamba achikopa. Tsopano liri ndi mipukutu 294 ndipo liribe mbali yaikulu ya Pentateuch ndi chigawo chomalizira, chokhala ndi Maliro, Nyimbo ya Solomo, Danieli, Estere, Ezara, ndi Nehemiya. Limasonyezedwa monga “Al” mu New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures​—Reference Bible (Yoswa 21:37, mawu amtsinde). Moses Maimonides (wosonyezedwa panopa), katswiri Wachiyuda wotchuka wa m’zaka zapakati za zana la 12 C.E., anati Bukhu Lamakedzana la Aleppo nlabwino kwambiri kuposa lirilonse limene anawonapo.a

Malemba Achihebri ojambulidwa pamanja kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 13 mpaka 15 anali osanganikirana otengedwa kumagulu aŵiri aakulu a malemba a Masoreti, la Ben Asher ndi Ben Naphtali. M’zaka za zana la 16, Jacob ben Hayyim anatulutsa malemba kaamba ka Baibulo Lachihebri loti lisindikizidwe otengedwa m’malemba ozoloŵereka osanganikirana ameneŵa, ndipo ameneŵa anakhala maziko a pafupifupi Mabaibulo onse Achihebri kwa zaka 400 zotsatira.

Popanga kope lachitatu mu 1937 la Biblia Hebraica (malemba osindikizidwa Achihebri), malemba ozoloŵereka a Ben Asher anapendedwa pokhala anali kusungidwa m’malembo apamanja osungidwa ku Russia, odziŵika monga Leningrad B 19⁠^A. Leningrad B 19⁠^A nja mu 1008 C.E. Yunivesiti Yachihebri ku Yerusalemu ikukonzekera kufalitsa malemba Achihebri a Aleppo onse athunthu m’nyengo yanthaŵi yakutiyakuti, limodzi ndi mawu a m’malembo apamanja ndi matembenuzidwe ena onse ofunika, kuphatikizapo Mipukutu ya Kunyanja Yakufa.

Malemba Abaibulo amene timagwiritsira ntchito lerolino ngodalirika. Anauziridwa ndi Mulungu ndipo anajambulidwa mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi alembi ojambula amene anachita ntchitoyo mwaluso kwambiri. Chisamaliro chachikulu cha ojambula ameneŵa chimawoneka pakuti kuyerekezera mpukutu wa Yesaya wopezeka m’mbali mwa Nyanja Yakufa mu 1947 ndi malemba a Masoretic kumasonyeza kusiyana kochepa modabwitsa, ngakhale kuti Mpukutu wa Kunyanja Yakufa ngwakalekale kwakuti umaposa Baibulo la Masoretic lakale kwambiri lomwe liripo ndi zaka zoposa chikwi chimodzi. Ndiponso, popeza kuti akatswiri ali ndi Bukhu Lamakedzana la Aleppo tsopano, lidzapereka zifukwa zochulukirapodi zakukhalira ndi chidaliro m’kuwona kwa Malemba Achihebri. Indetu, “koma mawu a Mulungu wathu adzakhala nthaŵi zachikhalire.”​—Yesaya 40:8.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 28]

Bibelmuseum, Münster

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Jewish Division / The New York Public Library / Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations