Kodi Masukulu Akulowa M’malo Makolo?

LEROLINO, masukulu akuyembekezeredwa kuchita zochulukira kuposa kuphunzitsa kuŵerenga, kulemba, ndi masamu. Ambiri amapereka zakudya, chitsogozo cha makhalidwe abwino, ndi mautumiki ena omwe pa nthaŵi imodzi anasamaliridwa kunyumba. “Chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha makolo chimayembekezera masukulu, makamaka aphungu opereka chitsogozo, kuchita ukholo wawo,” wawona tero Jim McClure, mkulu wa dipatimenti ya chitsogozo pa sukulu yapamwamba.

Makolo ambiri, ngakhale kuli tero, amakumanizana ndi kupanikiza kwa kusankha pakati pa kupanga kakhalidwe kokwanira ndi kusamalira kaamba ka ana awo. Mosiyana ndi mbadwo wapita, kupanga kakhalidwe lerolino kaŵirikaŵiri kumatanthauza kusiya ana opanda chiyang’aniro chofunika cha ukholo. Kupereka chisamaliro chimenecho, ku mbali ina, kungatanthauze kusapanga kakhalidwe kokwanira kaamba ka banja. Mikhalidwe yonse iŵiriyo iri yosakhumbirika.

Kuyambika kwa Chizoloŵezi Chobwerera M’mbuyo

Awo omwe aphunzira mavuto omwe amayang’anizana ndi maphunziro amakono amakhulupirira kuti chizoloŵezi chobwerera m’mbuyo chinayamba zaka zoposa 40 zapitazo, mwamsanga kutsatira Nkhondo ya Dziko II. Akazi anachirikiza zoyesayesa za nkhondo mwa kugwira ntchito m’misika ya ntchito za maindastri. Kenaka, pamene nkhondo inatha, chiŵerengero ndithu sichinabwerere ku thayo lawo lakale monga amayi ndi mphunzitsi wamkulu wa anawo. Iwo anakhalirirabe m’gulu logwira ntchito.

Pamene zaka zinapita, masinthidwe ena amayanjano anaipitsanso zinthu. Mapindu a makhalidwe abwino anatsika. Chisudzulo chinakhala cholandirika, chikumasiya chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha nyumba za kholo limodzi. Ndiponso, kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu kunakakamiza makolo ochulukira kugwira ntchito maora otalikira. Chizoloŵezi choterocho chachepetsa mokulira maora amene makolo akhala nawo a kusamalira kaamba ka zosowa za luntha, kuthupi, maganizo, ndi zauzimu za ana awo. Makolo chotero anayedzamira mokulira pa masukulu kukwaniritsa chofunikachi. Koma kodi ichi, m’chenicheni, chiri thayo la masukulu?

Zenizeni za Lerolino

“Chenicheni chatsopano,” walongosola tero mlembi wa zamaphunziro Gene I. Maeroff, “chiri chakuti atate omwe ankabwerera kunyumba kuchoka ku ntchito ya kalavulagaga ya pa tsiku mokhulupirika madzulo alionse kwa mkazi wake wogwira ntchito ya kunyumba ndi kwa ana awo aŵiri osinthidwa bwino tsopano iye mwinamwake akukhala yekha m’kanyumba kakang’ono kwina kwake kuyesera kulingalira mmene angalipirire kaamba ka zakudya zake powonerera TV pambuyo pa kufunsira ndalama za mlungu ndi mlungu zothandizira mkazi. Amayi, omwe anakhala kumbuyo ndi ana . . . amagwira ntchito masiku atatu pa mlungu.” Ndi zotulukapo zotani?

“Ana,” akutero Maeroff, “akuyang’anizana ndi ntchito yowopsya ya kumangirira mtsogolo mwawo mwa maphunziro pa dongosolo lochirikiza la gulu lochoka kwa makolo.” Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi wa sukulu yoyambirira mu United States wawona kuti: “Oposa 20 peresenti a ophunzira athu amabwera ku sukulu tsiku lirilonse popanda kudya chakudya cha m’mawa.” Popeza kuti chakudya cha m’mawa chiri chofunika kwambiri ku kuphunzira, mphunzitsi ameneyu akuchitira chisoni kuti: “Tikuyesera kuchita ndi vutolo mwa kukhazikitsa programu ya kupereka chakudya cha m’mawa.” Pa sukulu imodzimodziyo, mwana wa sukulu anabwera ndi malungo owopsya. Amayi, pamene anafikiridwa pa malo awo a ntchito, anayankha kuti: “Sindingabwere kaamba ka iye. Ndikugwira ntchito.” Iye potsirizira pake anakonzekera kuti achoke ku ntchito, koma anali “wokwiitsidwa” ndi kukakamizidwa kugamulapo pakati pa kusamalira kaamba ka mwana wake wodwala ndi kupeza ndalama.

Mikhalidwe m’Sukulu

Kunyonyotsoka kwa makhalidwe abwino a chitaganya kwavulaza mowopsya kuthekera kwa kuphunzitsa kwa masukulu. Kwachipanga icho kukhala chifupifupi chosatheka kaamba ka iwo kupereka chitsogozo cha makhalidwe abwino. Kuchitira chitsanzo mkhalidwe wosinthika wa ku sukulu iri ndandanda ya mavuto opereka chilango apamwamba 7 m’masukulu aunyinji a ku U.S. mu 1940 kuyerekezedwa ndi apamwamba 17 mu 1982. Mavuto apamwamba a mu 1940 pa sukulu anali: (1) kulankhulalankhula, (2) kutafuna chingamu, (3) kupanga phokoso, (4) kuthamangathamanga m’maholo, (5) kuchoka pa mizere, (6) kuvala zovala zosayenera, ndi (7) kusaika mapepala motaila zinyalala.

Ku mbali ina, mavuto apamwamba a mu 1982 pa sukulu anali: (1) kugwirira chigololo, (2) umbala, (3) uchifwamba, (4) kuba, (5) kutentha zinthu, (6) kuphulitsa mabomba, (7) kupha, (8) kudzipha, (9) kusapita ku sukulu, (10) kusakaza, (11) kulanda, (12) kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa anamgoneka, (13) kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa, (14) mkhalidwe wa nkhondo wa gulu, (15) mimba, (16) kuchotsa mimba, ndi (17) nthenda zopatsirana mwa kugonana.

Deborah, mayi wa ana anayi, akudera nkhaŵa ponena za chisonkhezero chimene kusinthika kwa makhalidwe a kusukulu kumeneku kudzakhala nako pa ana ake. “Ndinakula wochirikizidwa,” iye akuwunikira. “Chifupifupi aliyense ndipo chirichonse chondizungulira chinali chochirikiza kundithandiza kuti ndikule. Aja aife amene tinaleredwa mwa njirayo tiyenera kukhala ogalamuka za chenicheni chakuti ana athu ali kunja kumeneko ku dziko losiyanako kwenikweni.”

Ndithudi, m’masukulu ena a mkati mwa mizinda mu United States, ana a sukulu mofala amanyamula mipeni ndi mfuti; amagwiritsira ntchito ndi kuchita ndi anamgoneka; ndipo kalongosoledwe konga ngati “coke head” (wogwiritsira ntchito cocaine) kali kalankhulidwe ka tsiku ndi tsiku. Aphunzitsi kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala okwanira, osati moyenerera chifukwa chakuti aphunzitsa mwachipambano ophunzira awo, koma chifukwa chakuti apulumuka tsiku lina popanda vuto.

Mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni mkati mwa masukulu umadzetsa chenicheni chakuti ali osakhoza kutenga malo a makolo m’kupereka chitsogozo ndi chichirikizo chimene ana amafunikira kuti atsogoze miyoyo ya chipambano. Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za mikhalidwe yoteroyo pali ana achipambano m’mitundu yonse ya masukulu kuzungulira dziko.

‘Kodi chimatenganji kuti mupambane?’ inu mungafunse tero. ‘Kodi ndimotani mmene ine, monga kholo, ndingathandizire mwana wanga kupambana? Ndipo kodi nchiyani chimene mwana wanga adzayenera kuchita?’