Zimene Zimakupatsani Thanzi—Zimene Mungachite

THANZI silingaperekedwe monga mpunga kapena ufa ndi wantchito wothandiza ovutika. Silimapezeka m’matumba chifukwa chakuti si katundu ayi koma ndi mkhalidwe. WHO (World Health Organization) imamasulira kuti, “thanzi ndi mkhalidwe wabwino zedi wakuthupi, wamaganizo ndi wa kakhalidwe ka anthu.” Komabe, kodi chimene chingakupatseni thanzi limenelo nchiyani?

Nyumba wamba ingamangidwe ndi matabwa, misomali, ndi malata, koma kaŵirikaŵiri mbali zake zosiyanasiyana zimachirikizidwa ndi mizati m’ngondya zinayi. Momwemonso, thanzi lathu limaumbidwa ndi michirikizo yosiyanasiyana, koma yonse imasamira pamizati ya “m’ngondya” zinayi. Mizatiyo ndi (1) kakhalidwe, (2) malo, (3) chipatala, ndi (4) kaumbidwe ka thupi. Monga momwe mungalimbitsire nyumba yanu mwa kukonza mizatiyo, momwemonso mungawongolere thanzi lanu mwa kukonza zinthu zazikulu zimenezi. Koma funso nlakuti, Kodi mungachite motani zimenezo pokhala ndi ndalama zochepa?

Kakhalidwe Kanu ndi Thanzi Lanu

Pa zinthu zinayi zimenezo, kakhalidwe kanu nkamene mukhoza kukalamulira mosavuta kwambiri. Kukawongolera kungathandize. Zoona, umphaŵi umaletsa kusintha kumene mungafune kupanga pa zakudya ndi zizoloŵezi zanu, koma mwa kugwiritsira ntchito bwino zinthu zimene zilipo, mukhoza kuchita zazikulu. Onani chitsanzo chotsatirachi.

Kaŵirikaŵiri mayi amayenera kusankha kaya kuyamwitsa khanda lake bere kapena botolo. Kuyamwitsa bere, United Nations Children’s Fund ikutero, kuli “chosankha chabwino kopambana, ponse paŵiri kuthupi ndi m’zachuma.” Mkaka wa mayi, akatswiri akutero, ndiwo “chakudya chopambana cha thanzi,” chimene chimapatsa khanda “milingo yoyenera ya maproteni, mafuta, shuga wa mumkaka, mavitameni, maminero ndi makhemikolo pang’ono zofunika kuti akule bwino.” Mkaka wa kubere umanyamulanso maproteni oletsa matenda, kapena maantibodi, kuchoka mwa mayi kuloŵa mwa khanda, ukumapatsa khandalo chiyambi chabwino cholimbanirana ndi matenda.

Kuyamwitsa bere nkwabwino koposa makamaka m’maiko akumalo otentha kumene mikhalidwe siili yaukhondo kwenikweni. Mosiyana ndi mkaka wa m’botolo, mkaka wa kubere samausukulutsa kuti asungitse ndalama, sipamakhala kulakwitsa zinthu kwa pokonza, ndipo nthaŵi zonse umaperekedwa kuchokera m’chotengera choyera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, “khanda la anthu osauka loyamwa botolo,” Synergy, nyuzipepala ya Canadian Society for International Health ikutero, “limakhala pangozi kuŵirikiza pafupifupi nthaŵi 15 ya kufa ndi nthenda ya kutseguka m’mimba ndi kuŵirikiza nthaŵi zinayi kufa ndi chibayo kuposa khanda limene limangoyamwa bere.”

Ndiponso ubwino wina ngwakuti sikumawononga ndalama. M’maiko osatukuka, mkaka waufa ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil kuyamwitsa khanda botolo kungawononge chigawo chimodzi mwa zisanu za malipiro apamwezi a banja losauka. Ndalama zimene kuyamwitsa bere kumasungitsa zingagule zakudya zopatsa thanzi banja lonse—kuphatikizapo mayi.

Ndi mapindu onseŵa, mungaganize kuti kuyamwitsa bere kukuwonjezereka kwambiri. Komabe, ku Philippines antchito ya zaumoyo akusimba kuti kuyamwitsa bere “kwatsala pang’ono kuzimiririka” m’dzikolo, ndipo kufufuza kwina ku Brazil kunasonyeza kuti chifukwa china chimene makanda akufera ndi zifuŵa ndicho “kusawayamwitsa bere.” Komabe, khanda lanu lingapulumuke tsokalo. Zili kwa inu kusankhapo.

Komabe, kuyesayesa kwa mayi kutetezera thanzi la khanda kaŵirikaŵiri kumalephera chifukwa cha kakhalidwe koipa ka ziŵalo za banja. Mwachitsanzo talingalirani za mayi wina ku Nepal. Amakhala m’chipinda chachinyontho ndi mwamuna wake ndi mwana wake wamkazi wazaka zitatu. Kachipindako, magazini a Panoscope akutero, nkodzala utsi wa m’khichini ndi wa fodya. Mwanayo ali ndi chifuŵa. “Sindingaletse mwamuna wanga kusuta fodya,” mayiyo akudandaula. “Tsopano ndimagula ndudu za mwamuna wanga ndi mankhwala a mwana wanga.”

Nzachisoni kuti vutolo likufalikira mofulumira pakuti anthu ambiri m’maiko osatukuka akuwononga ndalama zofunika kwambiri mwa kuyamba kusuta fodya. Kwenikweni, pa munthu aliyense amene amaleka kusuta fodya ku Ulaya kapena United States, aŵiri amayamba kusuta fodya ku Latin America kapena m’Afirika. Zimene zikuchititsa ndizo kusatsa malonda kosokeretsa, buku Lachidatchi lakuti Roken Welbeschouwd likutero. Zitamando zonga ngati “Varsity: wochititsa mutu wanu kuganiza bwino” ndi “Gold Leaf: ndudu zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu apamwamba kwambiri” amakhutiritsa osauka kuti kusuta fodya kumayendera pamodzi ndi kupita patsogolo ndi kulemera. Koma simmene zilili. Kumatentha ndalama zanu ndi kuwononga thanzi lanu.

Talingalirani zotsatirazi. Nthaŵi iliyonse imene munthu asuta ndudu, amafupikitsa moyo wake ndi mphindi khumi nawonjezera kuthekera kwake kwa kudwala nthenda ya mtima ndi sitroko, limodzi ndi kansa ya m’mapapu, pammero, ndi m’kamwa ndi matenda ena. Magazini a UN Chronicle akuti: “Kusuta fodya kuli chochititsa choletseka chachikulu koposa padziko lonse cha imfa yamwamsanga ndi kupunduka.” Chonde onani kuti magaziniwo akuti “chochititsa choletseka.” Inu mungaleke kusuta fodya.

Ndithudi, pali zinthu zambiri zimene mumachita zimene zimayambukira thanzi lanu. Bokosi la patsamba 11 m’nkhani ino likusonyeza nkhani zina zimene mungaŵerenge m’laibulale ya m’Nyumba Yaufumu ya Mboni za Yehova. Zoona, kudziphunzitsa nkovuta. Komabe, mkulu wina wa WHO akuti: “Simungakhale ndi thanzi labwino popanda kuloŵetsamo anthu odziŵa amene alangizidwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa za thanzi lawo.” Chotero tsatirani njira yochirikiza umoyo yaulere imeneyi: Dziphunzitseni.

Thanzi ndi Mkhalidwe wa Panyumba

Malo amene amayambukira thanzi lanu kwambiri, likutero buku lakuti The Poor Die Young, ndiwo panyumba panu ndi malo okuzingani. Malo anu angakhale oipa pa thanzi lanu chifukwa cha madzi. Matenda oyambukira, mphere, kutseguka m’mimba, cholera, kamwazi, typhoid, ndi matenda ena amadza chifukwa cha madzi akumwa osakwanira ndi oipa.

Ngati mumasamba kumanja mwa kungotsegula mpope, kungakhale kovuta kwa inu kuganizira za nthaŵi imene anthu amene alibe mipope ya madzi m’nyumba zawo amatayira pakutunga madzi tsiku ndi tsiku. Kaŵirikaŵiri anthu oposa 500 amatunga madzi kumpope umodzi. Zimenezo zimafuna kuyembekezera. Koma anthu amene amalandira ndalama zochepa amagwira ntchito kwa maola ochuluka, ndipo kuyembekezera, likutero buku lakuti Environmental Problems in Third World Cities, “kumawawonongera nthaŵi imene akanaigwiritsira ntchito kupezera ndalama.” Nchifukwa chake banja la anthu asanu ndi mmodzi kuti likhale ndi nthaŵi yochuluka kaŵirikaŵiri limapereka kunyumba mabekete amadzi ochepera unyinji wa 30 umene banja la ukulu umenewo limafunikira tsiku lililonse. Komano amakhala ndi madzi aang’ono kwambiri otsukira chakudya, mbale, ndi otchapira zovala ndi kusamba. Zimenezi zimachititsanso mkhalidwe umene umaitana nsabwe ndi ntchentche, zimene zimaika pangozi thanzi la banja.

Taganizirani za mkhalidwe wotsatirawu. Ngati mumagwiritsira ntchito njinga popita kuntchito kutali, kodi mungaganize kukhala kutayikidwa ngati mwawonongera nthaŵi pa kuika mafuta kutcheni, kukonza mabuleki, kapena kusintha masipoko? Ayi, pakuti mukudziŵa kuti ngakhale ngati mungapindule maola owonjezera angapo tsopano mwa kunyalanyaza kuikonza, mungadzataye tsiku lonse pambuyo pake pamene njinga yanu ifa. Momwemonso, mungapeze maola angapo owonjezera ndi ndalama pang’ono mlungu uliwonse ngati simutunga madzi okwanira kusamalira thanzi lanu, koma pambuyo pake mungadzataye masiku ochuluka ndi ndalama mutadwala chifukwa cha kusalisamalira bwino thanzi lanu.

Ntchito yokatunga madzi okwanira ingakhale ya banja lonse. Ngakhale kuti mwambo wakumaloko ungafune kuti mayi ndi ana azitunga madzi, tate wosamala sangafune kupeŵa kutunga madzi iye mwini.

Komabe, madziwo atafika kunyumba, pamakhala vuto lina—kuwasunga oyera. Akatswiri a zaumoyo amalangiza motere: Musaike madzi akumwa ndi madzi antchito zina pamalo amodzi. Nthaŵi zonse vundikirani chosungiramocho ndi chivundikiro chogwira kwambiri. Asiyeni madziwo adikhe kwa kanthaŵi kuti nsenga zipite pansi. Musakhudze madziwo ndi manja potunga, koma gwiritsirani ntchito kapu yoyera ya chogwirira chachitali. Tsukani zoikamo madzi ndi Jiki nthaŵi zonse, ndiyeno zitsukuluzeni ndi madzi abwino. Bwanji nanga za madzi a mvula? Ingakhaledi yothandiza kwambiri (malinga ngati igwa!), ndipo madzi ake angakhale abwino ngati m’tanki simunaloŵe dothi ndipo ngati tankiyo ili yotetezeredwa ku tizilombo ndi makoswe ndi zinyama zina.

Ngati mukukayikira kuti madziwo ali bwino, WHO imanena kuti mungaikemo makhemikolo otulutsa chlorine, onga ngati sodium hypochlorite kapena calcium hypochlorite. Iwo amagwira ntchito, ndipo ali otchipa. Mwachitsanzo, ku Peru banja wamba limawononga ndalama yochepera madola aŵiri pachaka pamakhemikolo ameneŵa.

Thanzi ndi Chisamaliro Chake

Kaŵirikaŵiri osauka amangoona mitundu iŵiri ya chisamaliro cha thanzi: (1) chokhalapo koma chosakwanitsika ndi (2) chokwanitsika koma chosakhalapo. Dona Maria, mmodzi wa anthu pafupifupi 650,000 okhala m’zithando ku São Paulo, akufotokoza choyambacho: “Kwa ife, chisamaliro chabwino cha thanzi chili ngati chinthu chosonyezedwa pazenera m’sitolo ya zinthu zouma mtengo. Tingathe kuchiona, koma sitingathe kuchigula.” (Magazini a Vandaar) Ndithudi, Dona Maria amakhala mumzinda umene zipatala zimachita maopaleshoni a mtima, kuika ziŵalo, ma CAT scan, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya zina zopita patsogolo. Komabe, zinthu zimenezi iye sangazikwanitse.

Ngati chisamaliro cha thanzi chimene sangakwanitse chili ngati chinthu chouma mtengo m’sitolo, ndiye kuti chisamaliro cha thanzi chimene angakwanitse nchofanana kwambiri ndi chinthu chotchipa chimene makasitomala mazanamazana omakankhana amalimbirana kugula panthaŵi imodzi. Lipoti lina laposachedwapa m’dziko lina ku South America linati: ‘Odwala akuimirira mumzera kwa milungu iŵiri kuti aonane ndi dokotala. Kulibe mabedi. Zipatala za boma zilibe ndalama, mankhwala, ndi chakudya. Njira yoperekera chisamaliro cha thanzi ili yosalongosoka.’

Kuti WHO iwongolere chisamaliro cha umoyo wa anthu ambirimbiri chimene chikuwonongekacho, yasintha pang’onopang’ono ntchito yake ya kulamulira matenda kukhala ya kuchirikiza thanzi mwa kuphunzitsa anthu kutetezera ndi kuchepetsa matenda. Maprogramu ochirikiza chisamaliro choyambirira cha thanzi, onga ngati kudya zoyenera, madzi abwino, ndi ukhondo wamba, UN Chronicle ikutero, achititsa “thanzi kuwongokera kwambiri padziko lonse.” Kodi maprogramu ameneŵa mukupindula nawo? Mungakhale mutapindula ndi ina. Iti? EPI (Expanded Program on Immunization).

“Wakatemera amachezera kwambiri nyumba ndi midzi kuposa wamtokoma,” lipoti lonena za EPI likutero. M’zaka khumi zapitazo, ambiri analasidwa jekeseni zakatemera kuyambira ku Amazon mpaka ku Himalayas, ndipo pofika 1990, WHO inatero, 80 peresenti ya makanda padziko lonse anali atapatsidwa katemera woletsa nthenda zakupha zisanu ndi imodzi.a Chaka ndi chaka, EPI ikupulumutsa miyoyo ya ana oposa mamiliyoni atatu. Ena okwanira 450,000 amene matenda akanawapundula akuyenda, kuthamanga, ndi kuseŵera. Chotero, kuti makolo ambiri aletse matenda, amasankha kuti ana awo apatsidwe katemera.

Nthaŵi zina simungathe kuletsa kudwala, koma mukhozabe kukuchepetsa. “Kwalingaliridwa kuti choposa theka la chisamaliro chonse cha umoyo,” akutero magazini a World Health, “chili chisamaliro chaumwini kapena choperekedwa ndi banja.” Chisamaliro china chaumwini chotero ndicho msanganizo wosavuta kupanga ndi wotchipa wa mchere, shuga, ndi madzi oyera wotchedwa oral rehydration solution (ORS).

Madokotala ambiri amaona kuchiritsa ndi oral rehydration, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito ORS, kukhala kwamphamvu kwambiri pa kuletsa kutha madzi m’thupi chifukwa cha kutseguka m’mimba. Ngati kapukusi kakang’ono ka mchere wa ORS kogula ndalama masenti khumi chabe kangagwiritsiridwe ntchito padziko lonse kuletsa kutseguka m’mimba 1.5 biliyoni kumene kumachitika chaka ndi chaka m’maiko osatukuka, kangapulumutse miyoyo yambiri ya ana 3.2 miliyoni amene amafa ndi matenda a kutseguka m’mimba chaka ndi chaka.

Kangatero, koma maiko ena akugwiritsirabe ntchito mankhwala ena oletsa kutseguka m’mimba “mofala kwambiri kuposa ORS,” Essential Drugs Monitor, nyuzipepala ya WHO, ikutero. Mwachitsanzo, maiko ena osatukuka amagwiritsira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri mankhwala kuchiritsa kutseguka m’mimba koŵirikiza katatu kuposa ORS. “Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kosafunikira kumeneku kuli kokwera mtengo kwambiri,” nyuzipepalayo ikutero. Mwina mabanja osauka angafunikire kugulitsa chakudya chawo kuti agule mankhwalawo. Ndiponso, likuchenjeza kuti palibe umboni wakuti mankhwala oletsa kutseguka m’mimba ali othandiza kwenikweni, ndi kuti ena ali angozi. “Madokotala asamalembera anthu mankhwala amenewo, . . . ndipo mabanja asaziwagula.”

M’malo motchula mankhwala, WHO tsopano yapereka njira zotsatirazi zochiritsira kutseguka m’mimba. (1) Letsani kutha madzi m’thupi mwa kupatsa mwana zakumwa zambiri, monga madzi a mpunga wophika kapena tiyi. (2) Ngati mwanayo apitiriza kutha madzi m’thupi, mpititseni kwa dokotala kuti akampime, ndi kuchiritsa mwanayo ndi ORS. (3) Dyetsani mwanayo mwa masiku onse pamene akali kutseguka m’mimba ndi pambuyo pake. (4) Ngati mwanayo watha madzi ambiri m’thupi, ayenera kuikidwa madzi mumtsempha.b

Ngati simungapeze ORS yopangapanga, tsatirani mosamalitsa malangizo oipangira osavuta otsatirawa: Sanganizani tiyisupuni imodzi ya mchere, matiyisupuni asanu ndi atatu a shuga, ndi lita imodzi ya madzi oyera (makapu asanu a mamililita 200 imodzi). Mmwetseni kapu imodzi yodzala nthaŵi iliyonse imene wapaza zamadzi, ngati ndi mwana mmwetseni theka lake. Ngati mufuna malangizo ndi uphungu wowonjezereka ponena za zimenezi, onani bokosi patsamba 10.

Bwanji nanga za chachinayi, kaumbidwe ka thupi lathu? Kodi kangawongoleredwe motani? Nkhani yotsatira ikufotokoza funso limenelo.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi pamasamba 8, 9]

CHISAMALIRO CHOYAMBIRIRA CHA THANZI—CHIMAPEREKEDWA MOTANI?

Kuti mtolankhani wa Galamukani! apeze yankho la funsolo, analankhula ndi Dr. Michael O’Carroll, woimira WHO ku South America. Nazi zina zimene ananena.

‘TINAPEZA chisamaliro cha thanzi chimene makamaka chimaperekedwa kuchipatala. Ngati mwadwala, mumapita kwa dokotala. Mumaiŵala kuti munamwa mabotolo aŵiri a whiskey. Mumaiŵala kuti simumachita maseŵero olimbitsa thupi. Mukafika kwa dokotala mumati: “Adokotala, ndichiritseni.” Ndiyeno dokotala amakuikani chinthu m’kamwa, amakubayani ndi chinthu padzanja, amadula chinthu kuthupi lanu, kapena amaikako chinthu. Tsopano, ndikulankhula moipa pano, monga mudziŵa, kuti mumvetsetse, machiritso amtundu umenewu akhalapo nthaŵi yonse. Mwa njira yolakwika taona mavuto a kakhalidwe ka anthu kukhala monga mavuto akuchipatala. Kudzipha, matenda a njala, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito anamgoneka kwakhala mavuto akuchipatala. Koma saali. Salinso mavuto a thanzi. Ali mavuto a kakhalidwe ka anthu amene amakhala mavuto a thanzi ndi akuchipatala potsirizira pake.

‘Ndiyeno, m’zaka 20 zapitazo, anthu anati, “Anthuni, taimani kaye. Tikuchita zinthu mwa njira yolakwika. Tifunikira kumveketsa bwino tanthauzo la thanzi.” Panakhala malamulo ogogomezera chisamaliro choyambirira cha thanzi, onga ngati:

‘Kuletsa matenda nkwabwino m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ndi kosawononga ndalama kuposa kuwachiritsa. Mwachitsanzo, kumanga kiliniki yochita opaleshoni ya mtima m’malo moletsa zochititsa nthendayo kumasemphana ndi lamulo limeneli. Zimenezo sizikutanthauza kuti simuyenera kuchiritsa matenda ngati abuka. Muyeneradi kutero. Ngati mumsewu muli dzenje limene likuchititsa ngozi tsiku ndi tsiku, mudzamchiritsa munthu wochita tsokayo amene angagweremo ndi kuthyoka miyendo, koma chinthu chabwino ndi chosawononga ndalama choyenera kuchita ndicho: Kukwirira dzenjelo.

‘Lamulo lina ndilo kugwiritsira ntchito bwino zipatala. Kutumiza wina kukiliniki ndi vuto limene lingasamaliridwe kunyumba. Kapena kutumiza wina kuchipatala chachikulu ndi vuto limene likanasamaliridwa kukiliniki kumasemphana ndi lamulolo. Ngakhale kutumiza dokotala, amene anaphunzira kuyunivesite kwa zaka khumi, kupita kukapereka akatemera pamene wina amene anaphunzitsidwa kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi angathe kuchita ntchito imodzimodziyo. Pamene dokotala ameneyo afunikira kuchita ntchito imene anaphunzira, ayenera kukhalapo. Izi nzimene chisamaliro choyambirira cha thanzi chikutiuza: Phunzitsani anthu, chinjirizani matenda, ndipo gwiritsirani ntchito mwanzeru zipatala zanu.’

[Bokosi patsamba 10]

ORS INANSO YA CHOLERA

Tsopano WHO ikunena kuti ORS (oral rehydration solution) ya mpunga iyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito pochiritsa odwala cholera m’malo mwa ORS ya masiku onse ya shuga. Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti odwala cholera ochiritsidwa ndi ORS ya mpunga anatulutsa tubzi tochepa ndi 33 peresenti ndipo anali kutseguka m’mimba pang’ono kusiyana ndi odwala cholera opatsidwa ORS ya masiku onse. ORS ya mpunga yokwanira lita imodzi imapangidwa ndi ufa wophika wa mpunga magiramu 50 mpaka 80 m’malo mwa shuga magiramu 20.—Essential Drugs Monitor.

[Bokosi patsamba 11]

ZOŴERENGA ZINA PONENA ZA . . .

Kakhalidwe: “Umoyo Wabwino—Kodi Mungachitenji Ponena za Iwo?”(Galamukani!, December 8, 1989) “Fodya ndi Umoyo—Kodi Palidi Kugwirizana? (Galamukani!, July 8, 1989) “Kuthandiza Ana Kukhala ndi Moyo!” (Galamukani!, October 8, 1988) “What Alcohol Does to Your Body”—Awake!, March 8, 1980.

Malo: “Kukumaniza Chitokoso cha Udongo” (Galamukani!, October 8, 1988) “Stay Clean, Stay Healthy!”—Awake!, September 22, 1977.

Chisamaliro cha thanzi: “Njira Zina Zopulumutsira Moyo” (Galamukani!, October 8, 1988) “A Salty Drink That Saves Lives!”—Awake!, September 22, 1985.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kutunga madzi ndi ntchito ndipo kumafuna kuyembekezera

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mark Peters/Sipa Press

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Madzi abwino okwanira—ngofunika pa thanzi labwino

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Mark Peters/Sipa Press