Maimonides​—Munthu amene anamveketsanso Chiyuda

“KUYAMBIRA kwa Mose kufikira kwa Mose, panalibe wina wonga Mose.” Ayuda ambiri amazindikira mkuluwiko umenewu kukhala mawu osonyeza thamo lopatsidwa kwa wafilosofi Wachiyuda, wolemba malamulo, ndi wothirira ndemanga pa Talmud ndi Malemba, wa m’zaka za zana la 12, Moses Ben Maimon​—wotchedwanso Maimonides ndi Rambam.a Lerolino ambiri samdziŵa Maimonides, komabe zolemba zake zinayambukira kwambiri kalingaliridwe ka Ayuda, Asilamu, ndi tchalitchi m’tsiku lake. Motsatira kwambiri mwambo, anamveketsanso Chiyuda. Kodi Maimonides anali yani, ndipo nchifukwa ninji Ayuda ambiri amamuyesa “Mose wachiŵiri”?

Kodi Maimonides Anali Yani?

Maimonides anabadwira ku Córdoba, ku Spain, mu 1135. Atate ake, a Maimon, amene anamphunzitsa zambiri zachipembedzo pachiyambi, anali akatswiri omveka a m’banja lolemekezeka la arabi. Pamene a Almohad anagonjetsa Córdoba mu 1148, Ayuda anafunikira kusankha kaya kutembenukira ku Chisilamu kapena kuthaŵa. Zimenezi zinachititsa banja la Maimonides kuyamba kupupulika kwanyengo yaitali. Mu 1160 iwo anakakhala ku Fez, ku Morocco, kumene iye anaphunzitsidwa udokotala. Mu 1165 banja lake linachita kuthaŵira kudziko la Palestina.

Komabe, ku Israel zinthu sizinali bwino. Chitaganya chaching’ono cha Ayuda chinawopsezedwa ndi Ankhondo za Mtanda a Dziko Lachikristu ndiponso ndi magulu a nkhondo Achisilamu. Atatha yochepera pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mu “Dziko Lopatulika,” Maimonides ndi banja lake anathaŵira ku Fustat, Mzinda Wakale wa Cairo, ku Egypt. Kuno nkumene maluso a Maimonides anadziŵika kwambiri. Mu 1177 anakhala mkulu wa chitaganya cha Ayuda, ndipo mu 1185 anaikidwa kukhala dokotala m’bwalo la mtsogoleri womveka Wachisilamu Saladin. Maimonides anakhala pa malo aŵiriwa kufikira imfa yake mu 1204. Ukatswiri wake m’zamankhwala unali womveka kwambiri kwakuti kwanenedwa kuti kuchokera kutali ku England, Mfumu Richard Wamtima Wonga wa Mkango anayesayesa kugula Maimonides kukhala dokotala wakewake.

Kodi Analemba Chiyani?

Maimonides anali mlembi wa mabuku ambiri. Pothaŵa chizunzo cha Asilamu, m’kubisala kwake ndipo monga wothaŵa, analemba mbali yaikulu ya buku lake loyamba lalikulu, Commentary on the Mishnah.b Popeza lili lolembedwa m’Chiluya, limamveketsa bwino malingaliro ambiri ndi mawu opezeka m’Mishnah, panthaŵi zina likumafotokozanso filosofi ya Maimonides ponena za Chiyuda. M’chigawo chofotokoza nkhani ya Sanhedrin, Maimonides anapanga malamulo aakulu 13 a chikhulupiriro cha Chiyuda. Chiyuda chinali chisanamveketsepo mpambo wa zikhulupiriro. Tsopano, Malamulo 13 a Chikhulupiriro a Maimonides anakhala chitsanzo cha mipambo ya zikhulupiriro Zachiyuda imene inapangidwa pambuyo pake.​—Onani bokosi, patsamba 23.

Maimonides anayesayesa kumveketsa dongosolo loyenera la zinthu zonse, kaya zakuthupi kapena zauzimu. Iye anakana kungokhulupirira kamodzinkamodzi, akumafuna malongosoledwe a zinthu zonse ozikidwa pa zimene anaona kukhala maumboni omveka ndi anzeru. Chikhoterero chachibadwa chimenechi chinamchititsa kulemba buku lake lalikulu​—Mishneh Torah.c

M’tsiku la Maimonides Ayuda analingalira kuti mawuwo “Torah,” kapena “Chilamulo,” sanangogwira ntchito pa mawu olembedwa ndi Mose komanso pa mamasuliridwe onse a arabi a Chilamulo chimenechi m’zaka mazana ambiri. Malingaliro ameneŵa analembedwa m’Talmud ndi m’zigamulo zikwizikwi za arabi ndi m’zolemba zawo zonena za Talmud. Maimonides anazindikira kuti ukulu wopambanitsa wa chidziŵitso chimenechi ndi kusoŵeratu kwake dongosolo zinalepheretsa Myuda wamba kupanga zosankha zimene zinakhudza moyo wake wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ochuluka anali osakhoza kuphunzira mabuku a arabi kwa moyo wonse, poti ochuluka analembedwa m’Chiaramaiki chovuta. Chimene Maimonides anachita ndicho kukonza chidziŵitso chimenechi, akumasonyeza mfundo zothandiza, ndi kuchiika mumpambo umodzi wadongosolo wa mabuku 14, ogaŵidwa malinga ndi nkhani yake. Anachilemba mwaluso m’Chihebri choŵerengeka bwino ndi chosavuta kumva.

Mishneh Torah inali chitsogozo chogwira ntchito kwambiri kwakuti atsogoleri ena Achiyuda anachita mantha kuti mwina ikatenga malo onse a Talmud. Komabe, ngakhale awo amene anatsutsa anavomereza kuti bukulo linali laukatswiri wapamwamba. Mpambo umenewu wolongosoka kwambiri unali ntchito yachipambano imene inasintha zinthu, ukumapatsanso mphamvu dongosolo Lachiyuda limene munthu wamba sakadalitsatira bwino kapena kulimvetsetsa.

Ndiyeno Maimonides anayamba kulemba buku lina lalikulu​—The Guide for the Perplexed. Mwa kutembenuzidwa kwa mabuku Achigiriki m’Chiluya, Ayuda ambiri anayamba kudziŵa Aristotle ndi afilosofi ena. Ena anavutika maganizo, akumalephera kugwirizanitsa tanthauzo lenileni la mawu a m’Baibulo ndi filosofi. Mu The Guide for the Perplexed, Maimonides, amene analemekeza Aristotle kwambiri, anayesayesa kufotokoza tanthauzo lenileni la Baibulo ndi Chiyuda mwa njira imene inagwirizana ndi malingaliro ndi nzeru za afilosofi.​—Yerekezerani ndi 1 Akorinto 2:1-5, 11-16.

Kuwonjezera pa mabuku aakulu ameneŵa ndi zolemba zina zachipembedzo, Maimonides analemba mwaukumu za zamankhwala ndi za kupenda zakuthambo. Mbali ina ya zolemba zake zochulukazo singanyalanyazidwe. Encyclopaedia Judaica imati: “Makalata a Maimonides anayambitsa nyengo yatsopano ya kulemba makalata. Iye ali mlembi wa makalata woyamba Wachiyuda amene makalata ake asungidwa kwambiri. . . . Makalata ake anakopa maganizo ndi mtima wa anthu amene analembera, ndipo ankasiyanitsa kalembedwe kake kuti kawayenerere.”

Kodi Anaphunzitsanji?

Mu Malamulo ake 13 a Chikhulupiriro, Maimonides anapereka malongosoledwe omveka a chikhulupiriro, ena mwa iwo anazikidwa m’Malemba. Komabe, lamulo lachisanu ndi chiŵiri ndi lachisanu ndi chinayi limatsutsa tanthauzo lenileni la chikhulupiriro cha mwa Yesu monga Mesiya, chozikidwa m’Malemba.d Polingalira za ziphunzitso zampatuko za Dziko Lachikristu, zonga ngati Utatu, ndi chinyengo choonekeratu chosonyezedwa ndi kukhetsa mwazi kwa Ankhondo za Mtanda, nkosadabwitsa kuti Maimonides sanaifufuze kwambiri nkhani ya Umesiya wa Yesu.​—Mateyu 7:21-23; 2 Petro 2:1, 2.

Maimonides analemba kuti: “Kodi pangakhale chokhumudwitsa china chachikulu kuposa [Chikristu]? Aneneri onse analankhula za Mesiya monga momboli wa Israyeli ndi mpulumutsi wake . . . [Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, Chikristu] chinaphetsa Ayuda ndi lupanga, chinabalalitsa ndi kunyazitsa otsalira awo, chinasinthitsa Torah, ndi kuchimwitsa ochuluka m’dziko ndi kuwachititsa kutumikira mulungu wina wosiyana ndi Ambuye.”​—Mishneh Torah, “Malamulo a Mafumu ndi Nkhondo Zawo,” mutu 11.

Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za ulemu umene anapatsidwa, Ayuda ambiri amasankha kunyalanyaza Maimonides pa nkhani zina zimene analankhula mosabisa. Popeza kuti chisonkhezero cha Chiyuda chachinsinsi (Kabbalah) chinali kukula, kupenda nyenyezi kunali kufalikira kwambiri pakati pa Ayuda. Maimonides analemba kuti: “Aliyense wopenda nyenyezi ndi wolinganiza ntchito yake kapena ulendo wake malinga ndi nthaŵi yoikidwa ndi amene amapenda nyenyezi adzakwapulidwa . . . Zinthu zonsezi nzabodza ndi zachinyengo . . . Aliyense wokhulupirira zinthu zimenezi . . . ndi chitsiru ndithu ndipo alibe nzeru.”​—Mishneh Torah, “Malamulo a Kupembedza Mafano,” mutu 11; yerekezerani ndi Levitiko 19:26; Deuteronomo 18:9-13.

Maimonides anatsutsanso kwambiri chizoloŵezi china: “[Arabi] anadziikira mtengo wa ndalama zomwe ankafuna kwa anthu ndi zitaganya nachititsa anthu kuganiza, mopandadi nzeru, kuti linali lamulo ndipo zinali zoyenera . . . Zonsezi nzolakwika. Palibe mawu alionse, kaya m’Torah kapena m’zonena za anzeru za [m’Talmud], zochirikiza zimenezo.” (Commentary on the Mishnah, Avot 4:5) Mosiyana ndi arabi ameneŵa, Maimonides anagwira ntchito yaudokotala mwamphamvu kuti adzichirikize, popanda kulandira malipiro a mautumiki achipembedzo.​—Yerekezerani ndi 2 Akorinto 2:17; 1 Atesalonika 2:9.

Kodi Chiyuda ndi Zikhulupiriro Zina Zinayambukiridwa Motani?

Profesa Yeshaiahu Leibowitz wa pa Hebrew University, ku Jerusalem, anati: “Maimonides ndi munthu wosonkhezera kwambiri m’mbiri ya Chiyuda, kuyambira m’nyengo ya Makolo ndi Aneneri kufikira m’nyengo ino.” Encyclopaedia Judaica imati: “Chiyambukiro cha Maimonides pa kupita patsogolo kwa Chiyuda kwa mtsogolo sichingadziŵike bwino. . . . C. Tchernowitz . . . anafikira ngakhale pa kunena kuti pakadapanda Maimonides Chiyuda chikanagaŵanikagaŵanika kukhala ndi timagulu tampatuko ndi zikhulupiriro zosiyanasiyana . . . Kugwirizanitsa kwake malingaliro osiyanasiyana kunali chipambano chachikulu.”

Mwa kulinganizanso chiphunzitso cha Chiyuda kuchigwirizanitsa ndi malingaliro ake a dongosolo ndi nzeru, Maimonides anamveketsanso Chiyuda. Akatswiri ndi anthu wamba omwe anapeza malongosoledwe ameneŵa atsopano kukhala ogwira ntchito ndi okopa. Ngakhale otsutsana naye m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anavomereza mbali yaikulu ya malongosoledwe a Maimonides. Ngakhale kuti cholinga cha zolemba zake chinali kumasula Ayuda kuti asamadalira pa mabuku aakulu a ndemanga, posapita nthaŵi mabuku a ndemanga aakulu kwambiri onena za mabuku ake analembedwabe.

Encyclopaedia Judaica imati: “Maimonides anali . . . wafilosofi Wachiyuda wapadera koposa wa m’Nyengo Zapakati, ndipo [buku lake la] Guide of the Perplexed ndilo buku la filosofi lofunika koposa lolembedwa ndi Myuda.” Ngakhale kuti linalembedwa m’Chiluya, The Guide for the Perplexed linatembenuzidwa m’Chihebri m’moyo wa Maimonides ndipo mwamsanga pambuyo pake linatembenuzidwa m’Chilatini, nilikhalako mu Ulaya yense kaamba ka maphunziro. Chotero, kugwirizana kwapadera kumene Maimonides anachititsa kukhalako pakati pa filosofi ya Aristotle ndi zikhulupiriro za Chiyuda mwamsanga kunapeza malo m’kalingaliridwe ka unyinji wa anthu a Dziko Lachikristu. Akatswiri a Dziko Lachikristu a panthaŵiyo, onga Albertus Magnus ndi Thomas Aquinas, kaŵirikaŵiri ankatchula malingaliro a Maimonides. Nawonso akatswiri a Chisilamu anayambukiridwa. Malongosoledwe a filosofi a Maimonides anasonkhezera afilosofi Achiyuda apambuyo pake, onga Baruch Spinoza, kupatukana kotheratu ndi Chiyuda chamwambo.

Maimonides angalingaliridwe kukhala munthu wa m’nyengo ya Renaissance amene anakhalako nyengo ya Renaissance isanayambe. Mawu ake akuti chikhulupiriro chiyenera kugwirizana ndi nzeru amene anaumirira adakali lamulo logwira ntchito. Lamulo limeneli linamchititsa kutsutsa mwamphamvu kukhulupirira malaulo kwa chipembedzo. Komabe, chitsanzo choipa cha Dziko Lachikristu ndi chiyambukiro cha filosofi ya Aristotle kaŵirikaŵiri zinamlepheretsa kupeza mfundo zenizeni zogwirizana ndi choonadi cha Baibulo. Ngakhale kuti si onse amene angavomereze mawu olembedwa pa manda a Maimonides​—“Kuyambira kwa Mose kufikira kwa Mose, panalibe wina wonga Mose”​—kuvomereza kuyenera kukhalapo kuti iye anamveketsanso njira ndi mpangidwe wa Chiyuda.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

MALAMULO 13 A CHIKHULUPIRIRO A MAIMONIDESe

1. Mulungu ndi Mlengi ndi Wolamulira zinthu zonse. Iye yekha ndiye anapanga, amapanga, ndipo adzapanga zinthu zonse.

2. Mulungu ndi mmodzi. Palibe umodzi umene mwanjira iliyonse uli wonga Wake.

3. Mulungu alibe thupi. Malamulo a chilengedwe samagwira ntchito pa Iye.

4. Mulungu ndiye woyamba ndi womaliza.

5. Nkoyenera kupemphera kwa Mulungu yekha. Munthu sayenera kupemphera kwa wina aliyense kapena china chilichonse.

6. Mawu onse a aneneri ngoona.

7. Ulosi wa Mose ndi woonadi. Anali mkulu wa aneneri onse, okhalako iye asanakhale ndi okhalako pambuyo pake omwe.

8. Torah yonse imene tili nayo ndi ija imene inapatsidwa kwa Mose.

9. Torah sidzasinthidwa, ndipo sipadzakhala ina imene Mulungu adzapereka.

10. Mulungu adziŵa ntchito zonse za munthu ndi malingaliro ake.

11. Mulungu amafupa awo amene amasunga malamulo Ake, ndipo amalanga amene amamlakwira Iye.

12. Mesiya adzadza.

13. Akufa adzaukitsidwa kukhala amoyo.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Jewish Division /​ The New York Public Library /​ Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations