Sehdan Soi Likamw Ehu De Uhdahn Emen me Suwed?
ARAMAS tohto sangete mahs kin men wehwehkihla dahme kahrehda suwed ah mie. A Dictionary of the Bible, pwuhk ehu me James Hastings wiahda, koasoia: “Nin tepin aramas ah miehla arail madamadau, re diarada me re lelohngehr songosong me irail sohte kak powehdi, oh met kin wahdo irair en kauwehla mour.” Pwuhkohte pil koasoia: “Aramas sangete nin tepio ahneki pepehm en dahme wiewiawi irair nda me soahng pwukat kohsang rehn mehkot me ahneki irair en aramas.”
Nin duwen me soupoad akan koasoia, aramas kin kamehlele ngehn saut oh ngehn suwed akan mehkot me miehte sangete irair mehn kawa ko nan sapwen Mesopotamia. Mehn Papilon en mahs akan kamehlele me pahn sampah, de “sapwen irail me solahr pahn pwurodo kan,” Nerkal me kin kakaun irail, ngehn lemei men me ede kin nda “ih me kin isik aramas.” Mehn Papilon en mahs pil kin lemmwiki ngehn saut akan, me re kin songosong en kansenamwahuwih sang ni wunahni kan me re kin wiaiong irail. Nan soi likamw en Isip, Koht en wia me suwed me adaneki Set “kin wia mwomwen mehn lawalo men me tumweo ahtikitik oh kos, oh salenge kan kin uhda oh par masepeng oh iki kin kasangpeseng ni imwio.”—Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology.
Edetehn mehn Krihk oh Rom akan kin mie arail koht akan ong irair paiamwahu oh paisuwed, ahpw sohte arail koht en wiewia suwed. Neirail aramas loalokong kan kin nda me mie soangen madamadau wekpeseng riau mie. Ong Empedocles, madamadau riauwo iei Limpoak oh Saminimin. Ong Plato, sampah mie “soul” riau, ehu kin wia soahng mwahu oh ehu kin kahrehda suwed. Ah ong Georges Minois, e nda nan nah pwuhk Le Diable (me wehwehki “Tepilo”), “kaudok en pakan en mehn Krihk oh Rom sohte kamehlele me mie Tepil.”
Nan Iran, Zoroastrianism kin wia padahk me koht lapalap Ahura Mazda, me pil adaneki Ormazd, kapikada Angra Mainyu, de pil ehu ede Ahriman, oh Ahriman pilada en wia mehkan me suwed oh eri wiahla sounkauwehla men.
Nan sarawi en mehn Suhs, mie Sehdan me kin pelian Koht oh ih me kin kahrehda dihp en mie. Ahpw, mwurin pahr epwiki kei, padahk wet tepida dolkihda madamadau en pakan akan. Encyclopaedia Judaica koasoia: “Wekidekla laud miehla . . . nan erein kaimwiseklahn senturi kan en B.C.E. Ni erein ahnsowo, sarawi en mehn Suhs akan . . . alehda padahk teikan oh kapataiong pein arail, me dene Koht oh manaman mwahu oh padahk mehlel kin mie pelie nanleng oh pil sampah sang utupe kehlail en suwed ah likamw. Madamadau wet kin kohsang ni sarawi en Mehn Persia kan.” The Concise Jewish Encyclopedia koasoia: “Mehn perepe sang ngehn saut akan me mwahu iei en kapwaiada kosonned akan oh pil mware mehn silasil akan ni paliwaromw.”
Irail me Lahlahwe Padahk en Kristian
Pil duwehte sarawi en mehn Suhs arail kin alehda madamadau kan me sohte kohsang nan Paipel me pid Sehdan oh ngehn saut akan, pil irail me salelepek sang Kristian akan kin pil wiahda madamadau kan me sohte mih nan iren Pwuhk Sarawi kan. The Anchor Bible Dictionary koasoia: “Ehu soangen madamadau uk me sounpadahk en Pwuhk Sarawi kan kawao ahneki, me dene Koht ketin kasaledekala sapwellime aramas akan ni ah pwain ong Sehdan pwe en kasaledekirailla.” Madamadau wet kohda sang rehn Irenaeus (keriau en senturi C.E.). Origen (kesiluh en senturi C.E.), eri katehlapala kawehwehpen ire wet, oh dene “Tepil me ale pwung oh manaman pohn aramas akan” oh dene “matala en Krais . . . wia pweipwei sapahl ieu me wiawi ohng Tepil.”—History of Dogma, sang rehn Adolf Harnack.
The Catholic Encyclopedia koasoia me “madamadau me dene pweinen aramas wiawihiong Sehdan wia padahk kehlail ieu nan poadoapoad en palien lamalam ki erein pahr kid,” oh e pil mihmihselihte nan palien lamalam kan. Ekei Padre kan, iangahki Augustine (me mour nan kapahieu oh kalimau en senturi C.E.), pil kakehlailiada madamadau me meirongo wiawihiong Sehdan. Eri, lelodo nan senturi 12 C.E., sounsukuhli palien lamalam en Kadohlik kan me adara Anselm oh Abelard pwungki me Matala en Krais kohwong Koht ahpw kaidehn Sehdan.
Kihlenuwo kan nan Ahnsou me Adaneki “Medieval”
Edetehn pali moron en tohn council en Kahdolik sohte kasalehda dahme re pwoson oh ire me pid Sehdan, nan pahr 1215 C.E., The Fourth Lateran Council eri kasalehda dahme New Catholic Encyclopedia kahdaneki “solemn profession of faith.” Canon 1 koasoia: “Tepil oh pil ngehn saut teikan kapikipikda mwahu sang rehn Koht, ahpw sang ni pein nsenarail, irail tepida wia me suwed.” E pil doula oh padahkiong me dene re kin kadirepwiki nannantihong kasonge aramas. Madamadau wet eri kadirehla madamadau en aramas tohto nan ahnsou me adaneki “Middle Ages, (500 a.d. lel 1500 a.d.)” Sehdan me kin poahsoanehda soahng koaros me kin mwomwen weksang dahme aramas konehng en wia, me duwehte soumwahu, de pil wahn sahpw ohla de sakanakan. Nan pahr 1233 C.E., Pope Gregory IX kihda kosonned tohto me uhwong irail akan me sohte kamehlele padahk en arail sarawi en Kadohlik me duwehte irail Luciferian kan, irail akan me dene re kin kaudokiong Tepil.
Soangen kamehlele me dene aramas akan Tepil de pil nein Tepil ngehn saut akan kak tihada pohrail kin kahrehda aramas en kin lemwkinirail oh pil kin masak soun wunanih kan. Sangete nan senturi 13 lel 17, masak lih en ketieni kan parpeseng nan Iurop oh lellahng North America. Oh pil aramas akan me kin tepikihda Prohs, Martin Luther oh John Calvin, ira mweidada aramas en kemehla soun ketieni kan. Nan Iurop kopwung kan en soun ketieni kan kin wia nan mwoalen kopwung en wehi oh pil sarawi mehnda ma rohng ehu me pwarada de aramas kailongki emen oh karaun likamw. Kalokolok kin kalap doadoahk pwe ren wehkada me re “dipaniki.”
Irail akan me nda me re dipaniki kin kamala, ekei kin isihsla oh nan England oh Scotland, irail kin kalusiamala. Me pid tohtohn aramas akan me kamala, The World Book Encyclopedia koasoia: “Sang nan pahr 1484 lel 1782, mpen lih 300,000 me kamala pwe dene re ketieni.” Ma iei Sehdan me utungada wiewia weid wet nan ahnsou en “medieval” (me wehwehki Middle Ages: 500 a.d. lel 1500 a.d.), ihs me e kin doadoahngki—irail me mehla de irail me utungada pelien lamalam en Kadohlik oh kemehla mehteikan?
Dahme Aramas Kamehlele De Sohte Kamehlele Nan Ahnsouwet
Nan Senturi 18, madamadau ieu pwarada me ede Kamarain. Pwuhken Encyclopædia Britannica koasoia: “Marain en palien philosophy oh Theology nantihwong kihsang madamadau en Tepil sang rehn Kristian akan me dene mehpwukat madamadau mwahl ekei en nan ahnsou en “Middle Ages.” Sarawi en Roman Catholic Church mwekidkihda met oh pwurohng kakehlailihala arail padahk me pid Sehdan me Tepil ni tiepenene Keieu en Council en Vatican (1869-70), pwurong kawehwehda padahk wet ni ekis nan keriau en tiepenehn Council(1962-65).
New Catholic Encyclopedia wehkada me “sarawi wet koasoanehdi en kamehlele tohnleng kan oh ngehn saut akan.” Ahpw, Théo, dictionary en Kadolik ni lokaiahn France, wehkada me “Kristian tohto nan rahnwet sohte men kapwukoahki Tepil suwed akan me wiewiawi nan sampah nan rahnpwukat.” Nan pahr kerendo kan, soun kasukuhlih Pwuhk Sarawi en Kadolik kan kin inenen kanahieng dahme re pahn koasoiahki padahk me pid Sehdan, pwe en pahrekiong madamadau padahk en Kadolik en mahso oh mehn ahnsou wet. Iei me Encyclopædia Britannica koasoiahki duwen dahme pwihn en “Liberal Kristian theology” kin wia: irail kin “wiahki lokaiahn Paipel duwen Sehdan kin mih ni karasaras oh aramas en dehr leme me ih uhdahn war ehu, ‘pwe met mwomwen soi pwe en kak kawehwehda uwen parala en suwed nanleng oh sampah.’ ” Ahpw, me pid palien Prohs, pwuhko pil koasoia. Eri, iaduwen, Kristian mehlel akan en pil kamehlele me dahme Paipel mahsanih duwen Sehdan kin wia “lokaiahn karasaras”?
Dahme Pwuhk Sarawi Kin Padahki
Ahn aramas madamadau oh kawehwe Pwuhk Sarawi saikinte kawehwehda ia tepin suwed ah miehla ni ahl me mwahu sang dahme Paipel kawehwehda. Dahme Pwuhk Sarawi mahsanih duwen Sehdan inenen mengei en wehwehki duwen tepin dihp oh apwal akan me kin lelohng aramas, oh pil iangahki kawehwehda dahme wiewia keieu suwed akan wie lalaudkihla ehu ehu pahr.
Ekei aramas kak idek: ‘Ma Koht iei Sounkapikada mwahu oh limpoak men, dahme e kakete ketin kapikkihda ngehn suwed me duwehte Sehdan?’ Paipel mahsanih me sapwellimen Siohwa Koht doadoahk kan koaros me unsek oh sapwellime kepikipik me mie arail madamadau kin tungoaleniki saledek en wia arail pilipil. (Deuderonomi 30:19; 32:4; Sosua 24:15; 1 Nanmwarki 18:21) War ngehn me wiahla Sehdan, ele uhdahn kepikipikda unsek oh ele e wekweisang ni elen padahk mehlel oh ahl pwung sang pein ah pilipil.—Sohn 8:44; Seims 1:14, 15.
Ni soangen ahl tohto, ahn Sehdan madamadau en uhwong kin rasehng dahme “nanmwarki en Dair,” me koasoipe dene “unsek ni lingan” oh ‘sohte suwed ieu e wiahda sangete ni e kepikipikda lao sapwung eri dierekda reh.’ (Esekiel 28:11-19) Sehdan sohte kelikamwe me Siohwa me ketin lapalap oh wia Soun Kapikada. Iaduwen ah pahn wia met ni pein ih kepikipikdahsang rehn Koht? Sehdan uhwong duwen sapwellimen Siohwa elen doadoahngki sapwellime manaman. Nan mwetuwel en Ihden, Sehdan kose me Koht ketin kihsang tepin pwopwoud mehkot me ira tungoalenki pwung ohng oh met pahn kihong ira kamwahu. (Senesis 3:1-5) Ah kaweid kahrehiong Adam oh Ihp pelianda sapwellimen Siohwa pwung en wia Kaun en lahng oh sampah, kahrehdo dihp oh mehla ong ira oh kadaudokirahkan. (Senesis 3:6-19; Rom 5:12) Kahrehda, Paipel kasalehda me Sehdan iei tepin apwal en aramas akan koaros.
Ahnsou kis mwohn Nohliko, tohnleng teikan iangala Sehdan nan ah wiewia en peliano. Irail wiahla mwomwen aramas pwe irail en kaunsekiala arail ineng suwed en wia nenek rehn nein aramas serepein akan. (Senesis 6:1-4) Ni ahnsou en Nohliko, tohnleng salelepekla pwukat pwurehng wiahla ngehn ahpw sohte pwuralahng nan “tepin arail pwukoa” rehn Koht nanleng. (Sude 6) Irail selidi ong nan irair ehu me rasehng rotorot mosul ni pali ngehn. (1 Piter 3:19, 20; 2 Piter 2:4) Irail wiahla ngehn saut akan oh solahr kin papah nan sapwellimen Siohwa kaunda en lahng oh sampah, ahpw irail wiahla papah kei en Sehdan. Irail solahr kak pwurehng wiahla duwehte aramas ahpw irail me kin kaweidada pali laud en pingiping kan me kitail kilang nan rahnwet.—Madiu 12:43-45; Luk 8:27-33.
Imwilahn Kaundahn Sehdan Kerendohr
E sansal mwahu me ngehn suwed akan kin doadoahk kehlail nan sampah rahnpwukat. Wahnpoaron Sohn ntingihdi me “sampah pwon mih pahn manaman en Me Suwedo.”—1 Sohn 5:19.
Pweidahn kokohp en Paipel kasalehda me Tepil kin kalaudehla suwed oh apwal akan nan sampah pwe e ese me ah “ahnsou inenen mwotomwotalahr” en kauwehla sampah mwohn a pahn irairdi sang ah saledek. (Kaudiahl 12:7-12; 20:1-3) Imwin ahn Sehdan kaunda pahn wahdo koasoandi mwahu oh kapw ong sampah, wasa me sengiseng, mehla oh medek “solahr pahn wiawi.” Mwuri, kupwuren Koht pahn “wiawi sampah duwehte nanleng.”—Kaudiahl 21:1-4; Madiu 6:10, New International Version.
[Kilels nan Pali 4]
Mehn Papilon kan kin kamehlele Nerkal (kilel en pali meing), emen koht lemei; Plato (kilel en pali maun) kin kamehlele me mie “soul” riemen me kin uhpene
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Cylinder: Musée du Louvre, Paris; Plato: National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece
[Kilels nan Pali 5]
Irenaeus, Origen, oh Augustine padahki me pweinen aramas akan kin kohwong Tepil
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Origen: Culver Pictures; Augustine: Sang pwuhken Great Men and Famous Women
[Kilel nan Pali 6]
Lemmwiki sounketieni kan kin kahrehong aramas akan en kemehla sounketieni kid kid kei
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Kohsang pwuhk me adaneki Bildersaal deutscher Geschichte