Kodi Nchifukwa Ninji tchalitchi Chikutha Mphamvu?

“Mstoiki aliyense analidi Mstoiki; koma kodi Mkristu ali kuti m’Dziko Lachikristu?”

RALPH WALDO EMERSON, WOLEMBA NDEMANGA NDI NDAKATULO WA KU AMERICA WA M’ZAKA ZA ZANA LA 19.

“NDINE Mkatolika—koma osati weniweni,” akufotokoza motero nakubala wina wachichepere. “Sindisamala konse za chipembedzo,” akuwonjezera motero mnyamata wina. Zawozo ndizo ndemanga zenizeni za mbadwo wa ocheperapo msinkhu wa azungu. Ngakhale kuti makolo awo—kapena makamaka agogo awo—akali opita kutchalitchi, chikhulupiriro cha chipembedzo sichinagwirizanitse mpata wa mbadwo.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji zizoloŵezi zachipembedzo zimene zinaŵerengeredwa kwambiri ndi mibadwo yambiri ya azungu zafulatiridwa?

Mantha Salinso Chinthu Chosonkhezera

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri kuwopa moto wa helo kapena purigatoriyo kunali ndi mphamvu kwambiri pa azungu. Maulaliki amphamvu ndi zithunzithunzi zokhudza mtima za helo wa moto wosazima zinachititsa anthu kuganiza kuti kufika kutchalitchi mwamantha ndi kumene kudzawapulumutsa pathemberero. Ndiponso, Catechism of the Catholic Church imanena kuti “Tchalitchi chimapempha okhulupirika ‘kukhala ndi phande mu Karistiya Yaumulungu pa masiku a Lamlungu ndi amapwando.’”a Kumadera akumidzi chitsenderezo cha chitaganya chinalinso chachikulu—aliyense anayembekezeredwa kupita ku tchalitchi pa masiku a Lamlungu.

Koma nthaŵi zasintha. Anthu tsopano amamva kukhala omasuka kuchita zimene akufuna. Mantha salinso chinthu chowasonkhezera. Helo wakankhiridwa pambali mwakachetechete, popeza kuti Akatolika ochuluka a ku Ulaya samamkhulupiriranso.

Kwenikweni, “tchimo” la kujomba ku Misa ya Lamlungu silimaonedwa kukhala lalikulu. Tirso Vaquero, wansembe wachikatolika ku Madrid, Spain, akuvomereza kuti: “Ngati [Mkatolika] wachikristu safika pa Misa ya Lamlungu, timamvadi chisoni chifukwa chakuti iye waphonya nthaŵi imeneyi ya kulankhulana ndi Mulungu ndi abale ake, osati chifukwa chakuti wachita tchimo. Zimenezo zimadza pamalo achiŵiri.”

Chotero mantha samasonkhezeranso kupembedza. Bwanji nanga za ulamuliro pamakhalidwe abwino wa tchalitchi ndi atsogoleri ake—kodi magulu awo angawadalire?

Vuto la Ulamuliro

Kutha kwa mantha achipembedzo kwachitikira pamodzi ndi kunyonyotsoka kwa makhalidwe abwino atchalitchi. “Kwa zaka mazana ambiri tinali ndi . . . ophunzitsa mwambo ambirimbiri ndi ophunzitsa makhalidwe abwino oŵerengeka kwambiri,” akudandaula motero wolemba mbiri wachitaliyana Giordano Bruno Guerri. Kusoŵa atsogoleri a makhalidwe abwino kumeneku kunasonyezedwa ndi nkhondo ziŵiri zadziko zimene zinasakaza Dziko Lachikristu. Matchalitchi a ku Ulaya analibe mphamvu yoletsa okhulupirira kukhetsa mwazi. Choipa kwambiri nchakuti, matchalitchi anajijirika m’nkhondoyo—kumbali zonse.

“Nkhondo ya Dziko Yoyamba, nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni yochitika pakati pa magulu achikristu, inatsegula nyengo ya tsoka ndi ya manyazi ya Chikristu,” akutero wolemba mbiri Paul Johnson. “Nkhondo ya Dziko Yachiŵiri inakantha nkhonya zazikuludi kwambiri pa makhalidwe abwino a chikhulupiriro chachikristu kuposa Yoyamba. Inavumbula kupanda pake kwa matchalitchi a ku Germany, kumene kunayambira Reformation (Kukonzanso Zinthu), ndi mantha ndi dyera la Holy See.”

Mapangano a Vatican ndi ulamuliro wa Nazi wa Hitler ndi maboma a Fasisti a Mussolini ku Italy ndi Franco ku Spain anawononganso ulamuliro wa tchalitchi wa makhalidwe abwino. Potsirizira pake, mtengo umene zipembedzo zinalipirira pa zolinga zandale zimenezo unali kutaya kudaliridwa.

Tchalitchi ndi Boma—Kulekanitsa Mgwirizanowo

Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, maiko ochuluka a ku Ulaya potsirizira pake analekanitsa mgwirizano wa Tchalitchi ndi Boma. Kwenikweni, palibe dziko la ku Ulaya limene tsopano limavomereza Roma Katolika kukhala chipembedzo chake chachikulu.

Ngakhale kuti matchalitchi aakulu angakhalebe akuchirikizidwa ndi boma, ataya chisonkhezero cha ndale chimene anali nacho. Anthu ena atchalitchi sakuvomereza choonadi chimenechi. Mjezwiti wachispanya wotchuka José María Díez-Alegría akukhulupirira kuti “atsogoleri a tchalitchi [cha Katolika]—ambiri a iwo ndi mtima wonse—amaganiza kuti sangachite ntchito yawo yaubusa popanda chichirikizo chaumunthu cha ‘ulamuliro.’”

Koma “chichirikizo chaumunthu cha ‘ulamuliro’” chimenechi chatha. Spain, amene anali ndi boma la “mtundu wachikatolika” kufikira 1975, amachitira chitsanzo mkhalidwewu. M’zaka zaposachedwapa akuluakulu atchalitchi a ku Spain akhala akulimbana ndi boma la Sosholisti pankhani ya kuchirikiza tchalitchi ndi ndalama. Posachedwapa bishopu wa Teruel, Spain, anadandaula kugulu lake akumati akudziona kukhala “monga Mkatolika wozunzidwa” chifukwa chakuti boma la Spanya silikupereka ndalama zokwanira kuchirikizira tchalitchi.

Mu 1990 mabishopu achispanya analengeza kuti “vuto lalikulu kwambiri la chikumbumtima ndi makhalidwe” linali litayamba kuyambukira anthu a ku Spain. Kodi anaimba mlandu yani wa ‘vuto la makhalidwe’ limeneli? Mabishopuwo ananena kuti chimodzi cha zinthu zazikulu zochititsa chinali “maganizo okayikira amene kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikizidwa ndi oyang’anira anthu [boma la Spain].” Mwachionekere, mabishopuwo akuyembekezera kuti boma lichirikize malingaliro a Chikatolika ndi kuperekanso chithandizo cha ndalama.

Kodi Atsogoleri Achipembedzo Amachita Zimene Amanena?

Chuma chochuluka kwambiri cha Tchalitchi cha Katolika nthaŵi zonse chakhala chinthu chochititsa manyazi kwa ansembe amene amagwira ntchito pakati pa anthu osauka. Zinali zochititsa manyazi kwambiridi pamene Vatican Bank inanenezedwa m’zimene magazini a Time anatcha kuti “mbiri yachuma yoipitsitsa mu Italy wa pambuyo pa nkhondo.” Mu 1987, zikalata zalamulo la kugwira akibishopu ndi akuluakulu ena a banki ya Vatican zinaperekedwa ndi mamejasitiliti a ku Italy. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukhala ndi malo a ulamuliro apadera kwa Vatican, akuluakulu atchalitchi oimbidwa mlanduwo sanagwidwe. Vatican Bank inaumirira kuti palibe chinthu cholakwa chimene chinachitidwa koma inalephera kuthetsa lingaliro lakuti tchalitchicho sichinali kuchita zimene chimanena.—Yerekezerani ndi Mateyu 23:3.

Khalidwe lachiwerewere lofalitsidwa kwambiri lawononganso zinthu kwambiri. Mu May 1992 bishopu wachiayirishi, wotchuka pa kuchirikiza kwake umbeta, anapempha anthu a m’dera lake “kumkhululukira” ndi “kumpempherera.” Anakakamizidwa kuleka ntchitoyo pamene kunadziŵika kuti ndiye anali atate wa mnyamata wina wazaka 17 ndipo anali atagwiritsira ntchito ndalama za tchalitchi kulipirira maphunziro a mwanayo. Poyambirira mweziwo usanafike wansembe wachikatolika anaonekera pa wailesi yakanema ya ku German ndi “mnzake” ndi ana awo aŵiri. Iye anati anafuna “kuyamba kukambitsirana” za nkhani ya maukwati achinsinsi amene ansembe ambirimbiri ali nawo.

Mosapeŵeka mbiri yoipa imeneyi imasiya chipsera. Wolemba mbiri Guerri, m’buku lake lakuti Gli italiani sotto la Chiesa (Ataliyana Pansi pa Tchalitchi), akunenetsa kuti “kwa zaka mazana ambiri Ataliyana anyansidwa ndi Tchalitchi.” Iye akuti, chotulukapo chimodzi ndicho “kuyambika kwa kufalikira kwa kuda atsogoleri achipembedzo, ngakhale pakati pa okhulupirira.” Akatolika oipidwa angayesedwe kufunsa atsogoleri awo achipembedzo funso limodzimodzilo limene mtumwi Paulo anafunsa Aroma kuti: “Mwachitsanzo, mumatsutsa kuba, koma kodi mukutsimikiziradi za kuona mtima kwa inu eni? Mumatsutsa chiwerewere, koma kodi mukutsimikiziradi za chiyero cha inu eni?”—Aroma 2:21, 22, Phillips.

Mpata Umene Uli Pakati pa Atsogoleri Achipembedzo ndi Anthu Awo

Vuto losaonekera kwambiri komano mwina limene lili lofoola kwambiri ndilo mpata umene ulipo pakati pa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi anthu. Makalata aubusa ochokera kwa mabishopu akuchita ngati amanyong’onya anthuwo m’malo mwa kuwalangiza. Pa kufufuza kwina kwa ku Spain, 28 peresenti ya awo amene anafunsidwa “anagwirizana ndi mawu a mabishopu.” A chiŵerengero china chofanana nacho “sanasamale konse,” ndipo 18 peresenti ena anati “sakumvetsa zimene [mabishopuwo] akunena.” Akibishopu Ubeda wa Majorca, Spain, anavomereza kuti: “Nafenso mabishopufe tiyenera kuvomera mlandu wathu pankhani ya kuchita mosiyana ndi Chikristu—kumene kuli koona.”

Kusoŵa uthenga wa m’Malemba womveka bwino kumakankhiranso anthuwo patali mowonjezereka. Malinga ndi kunena kwa Catholic Herald, “ansembe ambiri [ku France] asankha kuloŵa m’ndale kuti akhale ‘odziŵika,’” ngakhale kuti anthu awo ochuluka amafuna kuti iwowo asumike maganizo pa zinthu zauzimu. Wansembe amenenso ali wa chikhalidwe cha anthu wachitaliyana Silvano Burgalassi akuvomereza kuti: “Mwinamwake iwo [achichepere] afulatira Mulungu chifukwa cha chitsanzo chathu choipa. Tawapatsa ‘msanganizo’ wa kulolera zinthu, chipembedzo mosanganiza ndi malonda, dyera mosanganiza ndi kuipitsa.” Mposadabwitsa kuti, ansembe akutaya malo awo m’chitaganya. Kaŵirikaŵiri mawu akuti “ndine Mkatolika, koma sindimakhulupirira ansembe” amamvedwa kwa Akatolika a ku Spain.

Akatolika ena amaona kukhala kovuta kuululira atsogoleri achipembedzo zakukhosi ndipo ena amakayikira kwambiri chiphunzitso cha tchalitchi—makamaka ziphunzitso zija zimene amalingalira kuti nzopanda nzeru kapena zosathandiza.

Ziphunzitso Zosamvetsetseka

Chitsanzo choonekera bwino ndicho chiphunzitso chachikatolika chovomerezedwa mwalamulo cha nkhani ya helo. Catechism of the Catholic Church imati: “Chiphunzitso cha Tchalitchi chimavomereza mwamphamvu za kukhalako kwa helo ndi umuyaya wake.” Komabe, kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kukusonyeza kuti ndi chigawo chimodzi chokha mwa zinayi cha Akatolika a ku France ndipo chigawo chimodzi mwa zitatu cha anzawo a ku Spain amene amakhulupirira kuti kuli helo.

Mofananamo, pamene tinena za nkhani ya makhalidwe, azungu ambiri amakonda kukhala Akristu odzisankhira zochita. Mimmi, msungwana wa Lutheran wa ku Sweden, amakhulupirira kuti nkhani ya makhalidwe, monga ya kubala ana apathengo, ndi “nkhani yosankha mwini.” Akatolika ambiri a ku France angavomerezane naye. Poyang’anizana ndi zosankha zofunika m’moyo, 80 peresenti anati adzatsatira chitsogozo cha chikumbumtima chawo m’malo mwa kutsatira chitsogozo cha tchalitchi.

Kale ulamuliro wa tchalitchi unali wokhoza kuletsa chipanduko chilichonse. Malinga ndi kulingalira kwa Vatican, zinthu zasintha pang’ono. Catechism imanenetsa kuti “zinthu zonse zimene zanenedwa ponena za njira yomasulira Malemba ndi nkhani ya Tchalitchi.” Komabe, kafotokozedwe kawo kaulamuliriko sikamachirikizidwa kwambiri. “Nkhani ya ulamuliro ikupitiriza mosaletseka,” akudandula motero Antonio Elorza, profesa wa maphunziro andale wa ku Spain. “Tchalitchi chimakonda kudzitchingira ndi linga, chikumatetezera kuyenera kwa miyambo yake m’mbiri.” Kunja kwa “linga” limenelo, mphamvu ya tchalitchi ndi ulamuliro wake zikupitiriza kutha.

Kupatulapo za mkhalidwe woipa wauzimu, zochitika pakati pa anthu zili chinthu chinanso chochirikizira kuchita mphwayi ndi chipembedzo. Amalonda amapereka mipata ya zosangulutsa zochuluka—ndipo azungu ambiri amazifunitsitsa ndipo ali ndi njira yozipezera. Poyerekezera, kupita kutchalitchi kukuoneka kukhala njira yosakondweretsa yothera mmaŵa wa Lamlungu. Ndiponso, mapemphero a kutchalitchi kaŵirikaŵiri samafotokoza zofunika zauzimu za anthu.

Zichita ngati kuti chipembedzo cha mwambo sichidzapezanso mphamvu pa nkhosa za ku Ulaya. Kodi chipembedzo chili mphamvu yachikale—choyembekezera kuzimiririka?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

Kulambira zosangulutsa kwagonjetsa chimake cha Dziko Lachikristu

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Pamene apatsidwa chosankha pakati pa ulaliki ndi kuwothera dzuŵa kuti khungu lide, azungu ambiri samazengereza kumka ku gombe