Zolinganiza za Munthu Mkufuna Kudzetsa Chisungiko cha Padziko Lonse

“Zitatha zonsezi, tifuna kukhala ochiritsa mkhalidwe. Tifuna kuchita zimene tingathe kutheketsa chimene ndichitcha motsimikiza kukhala dongosolo ladziko latsopano.”​—George Bush, prezidenti wa United States, January 1991, nkhondo yolimbana ndi Iraq itangoyamba.

“Lingaliro la Prezidenti Bush la Dongosolo Ladziko Latsopano limagogomezera kufunika kwa kugwira ntchito kwa lamulo ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti maiko onse pamodzi ali ndi thayo lodzetsa ufulu ndi chiweruzo cholungama. Popeza kuti Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu ikutha, nyengo yatsopano ikuyamba.”​—Kazembe wa United States ku Australia, August 1991.

“Usiku uno, monga momwe ndikuwonera zochitika zokhudza demokrase mmene zikuyendera padziko lonse, mwina​—mwinamwake tili pafupi kwambiri ndi dziko latsopano koposa ndi kalelonse.” ​—George Bush, prezidenti wa United States, September 1991.

OLAMULIRA adziko ambiri, mofanana ndi Prezidenti Bush, akulankhula motsimikiza ponena za mtsogolo. Kodi pali chifukwa chabwino cha kutsimikiza kwawo? Kodi zimene zachitika chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko ya II zimapereka maziko a chitsimikizo choterocho? Kodi muganiza kuti atsogoleri andale zadziko akhoza kudzetsa chisungiko cha padziko lonse?

Zolinganiza za Munthu Zapadera

“M’zaka ziŵiri zomalizira za nkhondo yadziko yachiŵiri,” inasimba motero nkhani yapawailesi yakanema yakuti Goodbye War, “anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi ankaphedwa mwezi uliwonse.” Panthaŵiyo, maiko anawona kufunika kwamwamsanga kwa njira imene ikaletsa kubukanso kwa nkhondo yotero. Pamene nkhondo inali mkati, oimira a maiko 50 analinganiza njira yaikulu yoposa iliyonse yopangidwapo ndi munthu yopezera chisungiko cha padziko lonse: Tchata cha Mitundu Yogwirizana. Mawu oyamba a Tchatacho anasonyeza chitsimikizo “chakupulumutsa mibadwo yamtsogolo kutsoka lalikulu la nkhondo.” Oyembekezera kukhala mamembala a Mitundu Yogwirizana anayenera “kugwirizanitsa mphamvu [zawo] kusungitsa mtendere ndi chisungiko padziko lonse.”

Pambuyo pa masiku makumi anayi mphambu limodzi, ndege inaponya bomba la atomu pa Hiroshima, Japani. Linaphulikira pakati pa mzindawo, ndi kupha anthu 70,000. Kuphulikako, ndi kuja kotsatira ku Nagasaki pambuyo pa masiku atatu, kunathetsa nkhondo ndi Japani. Popeza kuti Jeremani, bwenzi la Japani, anagonja pa May 7, 1945, Nkhondo Yadziko ya II inatha. Komabe, kodi amenewo ndiwo anali mapeto a kuchitika kwa nkhondo?

Ayi. Chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko ya II, anthu awona nkhondo zazing’ono zoposa 150 zimene zapha anthu oposa 19 miliyoni. Mowonekeratu, makonzedwe aakulu a UN sanadzetsebe chisungiko padziko lonse. Kodi chinalakwika nchiyani?

Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu

Olinganiza a UN analephera kuwoneratu udani umene unabuka mwamsanga pakati pa maiko amene kale anali ogwirizana mu Nkhondo Yadziko ya II. Maiko ambiri anatenga mbali m’kulimbanira ulamuliro kumeneku, kumene kunatchedwa Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu ndipo kumbali ina, kunali kulimbana pakati pa Chikomyunizimu ndi chikapitolizimu. Mmalo mogwirizanitsa mphamvu zawo kuti aletse nkhondo, zigawo ziŵirizo za maiko zinachirikiza mbali zotsutsana m’kulimbana kwa m’madera osiyanasiyana ndipo mwanjirayi zinalimbana mu Asia, Afirika, ndi maiko a ku Amereka.

Chakumapeto kwa ma 1960, Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu inayamba kuchepekera. Kuchepekerako kunawonekera kwenikweni mu 1975 pamene maiko 35 anasaina pangano lotchedwa Helsinki Agreement. Osaina panganolo anaphatikizapo Soviet Union ndi United States, pamodzi ndi maiko ogwirizana nawo a ku Yuropu. Onse analonjeza kugwirira ntchito pakudzetsa “mtendere ndi chisungiko” ndi “kupeŵa . . . kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zida kulimbanira malo kapena ufulu wandale wa Dziko lirilonse, kapena mwanjira ina yosiyana ndi zolinga za Mitundu Yogwirizana.”

Koma malingaliro ameneŵa sanaphule kanthu. Chakuchiyambi kwa ma 1980, kulimbana pakati pa maulamuliro amphamvu koposa kunayambiranso. Zinthu zinafika poipa kwakuti mu 1982 mlembi wamkulu wa Mitundu Yogwirizana, Dr. Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, anavomereza kulephera kwa gulu lake nachenjeza za “kusalamulirika kwatsopano kwa padziko lonse.”

Komabe, mlembi wamkulu wa UN ndi olamulira ena lerolino ngotsimikiza kuti adzapambana. Malipoti a nyuzi amanena za “nyengo ya pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu.” Kodi kusintha kumeneku kunayamba motani?

“Nyengo ya Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoputana ndi Mawu”

Chochititsa chachikulu chinali Msonkhano wa Chisungiko ndi Chigwirizano wa maiko 35 mu Yuropu. Mu September 1986 anasaina chikalata chotchedwa Stockholm Document, kuvomerezanso thayo lawo la pangano la mu 1975 la Helsinki Agreement.a Stockholm Document ili ndi malamulo ambiri olamulira ntchito zankhondo. “Zotulukapo m’zaka zitatu zapitazo nzolimbikitsa ndipo zimene zakwaniritsidwa zayamba kuposa pa matayo olembedwa a Stockholm Document,” inasimba motero SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) m’bukhu lake la Yearbook 1990.

Ndiyeno, mu 1987, maulamuliro amphamvu koposa anavomerezana pangano lapadera lofunikiritsa kuwonongedwa kwa mamisaelo oponyedwa kuchokera pansi ndi kufika pamtunda wamakilomita 500 ndi 5,500. “Kuwonongedwa kwenikweni kwa mamisaelo ndi zowaponyera kukuchitika panthaŵi yake ndipo zokambitsiridwa pamapanganowo zikupendedwa mosamalitsa ndi mbali zonse ziŵiri,” inatero SIPRI.

Njira zina zatengedwa zakuchepetsa kuthekera kwa nkhondo yanyukliya. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1988 maulamuliro amphamvu koposa anasaina pangano lokhudza “mamisaelo amene akhoza kuyenda mtunda waukulu ndi oponyedwa ndi zombo zam’madzi.” Pofuna kuponya zida zoterozo, mbali iliyonse iyenera kudziŵitsa mbali inayo “m’maola osachepera makumi aŵiri mphambu anayi lisanafike deti lolinganizidwalo, kutchula dera loponyera, ndi kumene zidzaphulikira.” Malinga ndi SIPRI, mapangano otero “amakutheketsa kwenikweni kuti zochitika zakumaloko zisabutse nkhondo yanyukliya ya padziko lonse.”

Pakali pano, makonzedwe akuwonjezera chisungiko cha padziko lonse afulumizidwa. Mu May 1990, pamsonkhano wa maulamuliro amphamvu koposa ku Washington, D.C., amene anali prezidenti wa Soviet Union panthaŵiyo Mikhail Gorbachev ananena kuti zigawo ziŵiri za maiko a Yuropu zisaine pangano lamtendere. M’July maiko 16 a Kumadzulo a gulu la NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) anasonkhana ku London. Yankho lawo pa lingaliro la Mikhail Gorbachev linali lakuti mbali zonse ziŵiri zipereke “chilengezo mwa chimene tidzanena motsimikiza kuti sitirinso paudani ndi kutsimikizira cholinga chathu chakupeŵa kugwiritsira ntchito zida.” Mutu waukulu wa patsamba loyamba la nyuzipepala ina ya mu Afirika unalongosola zimenezi kukhala “Kachitidwe Kofunikira Kopezera Mtendere wa Dziko Lonse.”

Ndiyeno, msonkhano wa maulamuliro amphamvu koposa uli pafupi kuchitika ku Helsinki, Finland, wolankhulira boma la United States anati “kuthekera kwa nkhondo [ku Middle East] kukuyambitsa makonzedwe atsopano a gulu lodzetsa mtendere wadziko lonse.” Mtendere unadodometsedwa pamene Iraq analanda Kuwait ndipo nkhondoyo inapereka chiwopsezo chakufalikira kumaiko onse a ku Middle East. Koma molamulidwa ndi Mitundu Yogwirizana, gulu lankhondo la padziko lonse lotsogozedwa ndi United States linabwezeretsa magulu ankhondo oloŵererawo kudziko lawo. Kugwirizana kwa mitundu yonse pacholinga chimodzi kumene kunasonyezedwa m’nkhondoyo kunalimbikitsa ena kukhulupirira kuti nyengo yatsopano inali itayamba.

Chiyambire nthaŵiyo, zochitika zadziko zapitabe patsogolo. Kwenikweni, mkhalidwe wazandale wa dziko limene kale linali Soviet Union unasintha kwambiri. Maiko a m’dera la Baltic analoledwa kupata ufulu, ndipo malipabuliki ena mu Soviet Union anachita chimodzimodzi. Mafuko anayamba kuukirana kwachiwawa m’maiko amene ankawoneka ngati ogwirizana pansi pa ulamuliro wolinganizidwa wa Chikomyunizimu. Pofika mapeto a 1991, Soviet Union inaleka kukhalako mwa lamulo.

Masinthidwe aakulu ameneŵa m’ndale zadziko apatsa mwaŵi gulu la Mitundu Yogwirizana. Ponena za nkhaniyi The New York Times inati: “Kuchepekera kwa maudani a padziko lonse ndi mzimu watsopano wa chigwirizano pakati pa United States ndi Soviet Union kungachite mbali yaikulu yatsopano m’nkhani zadziko lonse zolikonzanso dzikoli.”

Kodi nthaŵi yafika pomalizira pake yakuti gulu lazaka 47 limenelo lisonyeze kuti likhoza kupambana? Kodi tikuloŵadi m’zimene United States inatcha “zaka za zana latsopano, zaka za chikwi chatsopano, za mtendere, ufulu ndi kukhupuka”?

[Mawu a M’munsi]