3 Chifukwa Chake Dzina la Mulungu (יהוה) Likupezekanso M’Malemba Achigiriki

M’mipukutu ya Malemba oyambirira achigiriki imene ilipo panopa, komanso m’mipukutu ina yakale ndi yaposachedwapa imene anakopera ku mipukutu yoyambirirayo, muli mfundo imodzi yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti mulibe dzina la Mulungu. M’Malemba Achiheberi akale, dzina limenelo linalimo pamalo okwanira pafupifupi 7,000, litalembedwa ndi zilembo zinayi izi יהוה. Zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu zimenezi, m’Chingelezi amazilemba kuti YHWH (kapena, JHVH). Masiku ano, katchulidwe kenikeni ka dzinali sikakudziwika, koma anthu ambiri amakonda kulilemba kuti “Yehova.” Chidule cha dzina limeneli ndi “Ya” ndipo chimapezeka m’mayina ambiri a m’Malemba Achigiriki. Chimapezekanso m’mawu ofuulira akuti “Aleluya!” kapena kuti, “Haleluya!” amene amatanthauza “Tamandani Ya, anthu inu!”—Chivumbulutso 19:1, 3, 4, 6.

Malemba Achigiriki analembedwa mouziridwa ndipo anawonjezedwa ku Malemba Achiheberi n’kupanga buku limodzi. Choncho n’zodabwitsa kuti dzina la Mulungu linasowa mwadzidzidzi m’Malemba Achigiriki. Tikutero makamaka poona zimene Yakobo anauza atumwi ndi akulu ku Yerusalemu chapakatikati pa zaka 100 zoyambirira. Iye anawauza kuti: “Sumeoni wafotokoza bwino mmene Mulungu anacheukira anthu a mitundu ina kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuti mwa iwo atengemo anthu odziwika ndi dzina lake.” (Machitidwe 15:14) Ndiyeno potsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, Yakobo anagwira mawu Amosi 9:11, 12 pamene dzina la Mulungu likutchulidwa. Ngati Akhristu ali anthu odziwika ndi dzina la Mulungu, n’chifukwa chiyani dzina lakelo, lolembedwa ndi zilembo zinayi zachiheberi, linachotsedwa m’Malemba Achigiriki? Chifukwa chimene chinali kuperekedwa kawirikawiri chochitira zimenezi sichomveka masiku ano. Kwa nthawi yaitali anali kuganiza kuti m’zolemba pamanja zimene zilipo panopa mulibe dzina la Mulungu chifukwa chakuti dzinalo munalibe m’Baibulo lachigiriki la Septuagint (LXX). Baibulo limeneli linali loyamba kumasulira Malemba Achiheberi, ndipo anayamba kulimasulira m’zaka za m’ma 200 B.C.E. Maganizo amenewa anakhalapo chifukwa cha Mabaibulo ena a LXX opezeka m’mipukutu yofunika kwambiri ya m’zaka za m’ma 300 ndi 400 C.E., monga: Vatican ms 1209, Codex Sinaiticus, ndi Codex Alexandrinus. M’mipukutu imeneyi, dzina lenileni la Mulungu analilemba ndi mawu Achigiriki akuti Kyʹri·os (Κύριος) ndi The·osʹ (θεός). Iwo ankaganiza kuti akagwiritsira ntchito mawu amenewa m’malo motchula Mulungu ndi dzina lake lenileni, ikhala njira yabwino yophunzitsira kuti Mulungu ndi mmodzi.

Mfundo yongoganizira imeneyi inatsutsidwa kwambiri pamene kunapezeka mpukutu wa gumbwaa wa Baibulo la LXX umene uli ndi hafu yachiwiri ya buku la Deuteronomo. Palibe ngakhale chimodzi mwa zidutswa za mpukutu umenewu chimene chikusonyeza kuti mawu akuti Kyʹri·os kapena The·osʹ anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo mwa dzina la Mulungu. Koma m’malo alionse analembamo zilembo zachiheberi zoimira dzina la Mulungu.

Mu 1944 chidutswa cha mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu chinafalitsidwa ndi W. G. Waddell m’buku lakuti Journal of Theological Studies, Vol. 45, tsa. 158-161. M’chaka cha 1948, mumzinda wa Cairo, ku Egypt, amishonale awiri a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, amene anaphunzira ku sukulu ya Gileadi anapeza zithunzi za zidutswa 18 za mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu, ndiponso chilolezo chakuti azisindikize. Patapita nthawi, zidutswa 12 mwa zimenezi zinatuluka mu Baibulo la Dziko Latsopano Lomasulira Malemba Achigiriki Achikhristu, lachingelezi, la 1950, mas. 13, 14. Kuchokera pa zithunzi za m’Baibulo limeneli, panalembedwa nkhani zitatu izi: (1) A. Vaccari, “Papiro Fuad, Inv. 266. Analisi critica dei Frammenti pubblicati in: ‘New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures.’ Brooklyn (N.Y.) 1950 tsa. 13s.” Nkhani imeneyi inafalitsidwa m’buku lakuti Studia Patristica, Vol. I, Part I, lolembedwa ndi Kurt Aland ndi F. L. Cross, Berlin, 1957, mas. 339-342. (2) W. Baars, “Papyrus Fouad Inv. No. 266.” Nkhani imeneyi inafalitsidwa m’buku lakuti Nederlands Theologisch Tijdschrift, Vol. XIII, Wageningen, 1959, mas. 442-446. (3) George Howard, “The Oldest Greek Text of Deuteronomy.” Nkhani imeneyi inafalitsidwa m’buku lakuti Hebrew Union College Annual, Vol. XLII, Cincinnati, 1971, mas. 125-131.b

Paul Kahle anathirira ndemanga pa mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu m’buku linalake. Iye anati: “Zidutswa zina za mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu zinasindikizidwanso kuchokera pa chithunzi cha mpukutu wa gumbwa chimene Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society inasindikiza m’mawu oyamba m’Baibulo lachingelezi la Chipangano Chatsopano, Brooklyn, New York, 1950. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu n’chakuti dzina la Mulungu analilemba ndi zilembo zachiheberi. Kafukufuku wa zidutswa zofalitsidwa za mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu, amene Pater Vaccari anachita nditamupempha, wamutsimikizira kuti mpukutu wa gumbwawo, umene uyenera kuti unalembedwa pafupifupi zaka 400 lisanalembedwe buku la Codex B, uli ndi malemba olondola kwambiri a Baibulo la Septuagint a buku la Deuteronomo, mwina kuposa alionse amene taonapo.”—Studia Evangelica, lolembedwa ndi Kurt Aland, F. L. Cross, Jean Danielou, Harald Riesenfeld ndi W. C. van Unnik, Berlin, 1959, tsa. 614.

Zidutswa zokwana 117 za mpukutu wa LXX^{P. Fouad Inv. 266} zinafalitsidwa m’buku lakuti Études de Papyrologie, Vol. 9, Cairo, 1971, mas. 81-150, 227 ndi 228. Zithunzi zosiyanasiyana za zidutswa zonse za mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu zinafalitsidwa ndi Zaki Aly ndi Ludwig Koenen pa mutu wakuti Three Rolls of the Early Septuagint: Genesis and Deuteronomy, m’mabuku akuti “Papyrologische Texte und Abhandlungen,” Vol. 27, Bonn, 1980.

Kuchokera pa zithunzi za zidutswa 12 za mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu, mungaone pamene zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu zimenezi zikupezeka mumpukutu wakale umenewu wa Baibulo la LXX. Akatswiri ena amati mpukutu wa gumbwa umenewu ndi wa m’zaka 100 zomalizira za m’ma B.C.E., kapena kuti patapita zaka pafupifupi 200 kuchokera pamene mpukutu wa Baibulo la LXX unayamba kulembedwa. Izi zikutsimikizira kuti mpukutu woyambirira wa Baibulo la LXX unalidi ndi dzina la Mulungu m’malo amene dzinali linali kupezeka m’Chiheberi choyambirira.

Kodi Yesu Khristu ndi ena mwa ophunzira ake amene analemba Malemba Achigiriki, anali ndi mipukutu yachigiriki ya Baibulo la Septuagint mmene munali dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa ndi zilembo zinayi? Inde! Zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu zinalipobe m’Mabaibulo a LXX kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa Khristu ndi atumwi ake. Nthawi inayake kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 100 C.E., pamene mpukutu wachigiriki wa Aquila unalembedwa, unasonyezanso zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu m’Chiheberi chakale.

Jerome, wa m’zaka za m’ma 300 ndi 400 C.E., m’mawu ake oyambirira a mabuku a Samueli ndi Mafumu, anati: “Mpaka lero, m’mipukutu ina yachigiriki tikupezabe dzina la Mulungu, lolembedwa ndi zilembo zinayi [יהוה], m’zilembo zakale.” Choncho kudzafika mpaka nthawi ya Jerome, yemwe anali womasulira wamkulu amene anamasulira Baibulo lachilatini lotchedwa Vulgate, mipukutu yachigiriki yomasulira Malemba Achiheberi yokhala ndi dzina la Mulungu m’zilembo zinayi zachiheberi inalipobe.

Ngati Yesu ndi ophunzira ake anali kuwerenga Malemba amene poyambirira analembedwa m’Chiheberi kapena m’Chigiriki m’Baibulo la Septuagint, ndiye kuti anali kupezamo dzina la Mulungu lolembedwa ndi zilembo zinayi zija. Kodi Yesu anatsatira mwambo wachiyuda wa m’masiku amenewo, wongotchula mawu akuti ʼAdhonaiʹ m’malo amenewo, poopa kunyoza dzinalo ndi kuphwanya Lamulo Lachitatu? (Ekisodo 20:7) Pamene anaimirira m’sunagoge ku Nazareti, ndi kulandira buku la Yesaya n’kuwerenga mavesi amenewo a Yesaya (61:1, 2) pamene panalembedwa zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu, kodi iye anapewa kutchula dzina la Mulungu? Ngati Yesu anatsatira chizolowezi chake chopewa miyambo yosemphana ndi Malemba ya alembi achiyuda, ndiye kuti iye sanalephere kutchula dzinalo. Lemba la Mateyu 7:29 limati: “Anali kuwaphunzitsa monga munthu waulamuliro, osati monga alembi awo.” Yesu anapemphera kwa Yehova Mulungu, ophunzira ake okhulupirika akumvetsera. Iye anati: “Anthu amene munawatenga m’dziko ndi kundipatsa ine ndawadziwitsa dzina lanu. . . .  Ine ndachititsa kuti iwo adziwe dzina lanu ndipo ndidzapitiriza kuwadziwitsa dzinalo.”—Yohane 17:6, 26.

Funso limene tili nalo tsopano n’lakuti: Kodi ophunzira a Yesu anagwiritsa ntchito dzina la Mulungu m’zolemba zawo zouziridwa? M’mawu ena, Kodi dzina la Mulungu linali kupezeka m’mipukutu yoyambirira ya Malemba Achigiriki? Tili ndi zifukwa zabwino zoyankhira kuti inde! Uthenga Wabwino wa Mateyu unalembedwa koyamba m’Chiheberi osati m’Chigiriki. Jerome wa m’zaka za m’ma 300 ndi 400 C.E., anasonyeza zimenezi ponena kuti:

“Mateyu, amenenso ndi Levi, amene anasiya kukhometsa msonkho n’kukhala mtumwi, analemba Uthenga Wabwino wa Khristu ali ku Yudeya. Poyambapo, anaulemba m’Chiheberi ndi zilembo zachiheberi pofuna kupindulitsa anthu odulidwa okhulupirira. Amene anaumasulira m’Chigiriki pambuyo pake sakudziwika bwino. Komanso, zolemba zake zachiheberizo zasungidwa mpaka lero mulaibulale ya ku Kaisareya. Zimenezi zinasonkhanitsidwa mwakhama ndi Pamphilus amene anafera chikhulupiriro. Anazareti amene anali kugwiritsa ntchito mpukutu umenewu mumzinda wa Bereya ku Siriya, anandilolanso ineyo kuukopera.”— De viris inlustribus (Za Anthu Otchuka), mutu III. (Lomasuliridwa kuchokera m’Chilatini, lolembedwa ndi E. C. Richardson ndipo linafalitsidwa m’zigawozigawo zotchedwa “Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur,” Vol. 14, Leipzig, 1896, mas. 8, 9.)

Mateyu anagwira mawu Malemba Achiheberi maulendo oposa 100. Choncho ngati m’malo amene anagwira mawuwo munali dzina la Mulungu, sakanachitira mwina koma kulemba mokhulupirika zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu mu Uthenga wake wabwino wachiheberiwo. Nkhani yake yachiheberi iyenera kuti inali yofanana kwambiri ndi Baibulo lachiheberi la m’zaka za m’ma 1800 la F. Delitzsch. M’Baibulo limeneli, buku la Mateyu lili ndi dzina la Yehova m’malo 18. Ngakhale kuti Mateyu ankakonda kugwira mawu Mlemba Achiheberi osati Baibulo la LXX, mwachidziwikire anatsatira zimene Baibulo la LXX linachita, mwa kuika dzina la Mulungu m’malo ake oyenerera m’Malemba Achigiriki. Ena onse amene analemba Malemba Achigiriki anagwiranso mawu Malemba Achiheberi kapena mpukutu wa Baibulo la LXX m’mavesi amene anatchulamo dzina la Mulungu.

Ponena za kugwiritsa ntchito zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu m’Malemba Achigiriki, George Howard wa pa yunivesite ya Georgia, ku America, analemba kuti: “Zimene atulukira posachedwapa ku Egypt ndi m’chipululu cha Yudeya zatithandiza kudzionera tokha mmene dzina la Mulungu anali kuligwiritsira ntchito Chikhristu chisanayambe. Zimene anatulukirazi n’zofunika pa kufufuza za Chipangano Chatsopano chifukwa zikufanana kwambiri ndi zolemba zachikhristu zakale kwambiri, ndipo zingasonyeze mmene olemba Chipangano Chatsopano anagwiritsira ntchito dzina la Mulungu. M’masamba otsatirawa tifotokoza mfundo yongoganizira imene ilipo yakuti dzina la Mulungu, יהוה (kapenanso chidule cha dzinali), linalembedwa m’Chipangano Chatsopano m’malo amene chinagwira mawu Chipangano Chakale kapena kuwafotokozera. Tisonyezanso kuti m’kupita kwa nthawi analichotsamo n’kuikamo κς [chidule cha Kyʹri·os, “Ambuye”]. Malinga ndi kuona kwathu, kuchotsa zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu kumeneku, kunabweretsa chisokonezo m’maganizo a Akhristu amene sanali Ayuda. Iwo sanathe kusiyanitsa bwinobwino pakati pa ‘Ambuye Mulungu’ ndi ‘Ambuye Khristu.’ Chisokonezo chimenechi chikuonekera bwino m’mipukutu yoyambirira ya Malemba a Chipangano Chatsopano.”—Journal of Biblical Literature, Vol. 96, 1977, tsa. 63.

Zili pamwambazi tikugwirizana nazo, kungopatulapo mawu akuti, “mfundo yongoganizira.” Maganizo amenewa sitikuwaona ngati mfundo yongoganizira. Koma zimenezi ndiye zoona zenizeni za mmene mipukutu ya Baibulo inalembedwera.

[Zithunzi pamasamba 1940, 1941]

[Onani zithunzi za zidutswa za mpukutu wa P. Fouad Inv. No. 266 wa Deuteronomy LXX]