Deɛ Ɛyɛeɛ a Yɛn Nsa Kaa Bible

Ɛwom, Hebri ne Aram Twerɛnsɛma ne Kristofoɔ Greek Twerɛnsɛm no, emu biara nni hɔ a tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no da so ara wɔ hɔ nnɛ, nanso asɛm a ɛwɔ Yesaia 40:8 no yɛ nokorɛ turodoo. Ɛnneɛ yɛyɛ dɛn hu sɛ, twerɛnsɛm a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no, emu nsɛm no ara na ɛwɔ Bible mu nnɛ?

WƆN A WƆHWƐƐ ONYANKOPƆN ASƐM SO TWERƐƐ BI NO KORAA SO

Yɛfa Hebri Twerɛnsɛm no a, adeɛ baako a ɛma yɛhu sɛ ɛnsesaeɛ ne biribi a Onyankopɔn kaa sɛ wɔnyɛ no tete mmerɛ mu. Ɔkaa sɛ ebinom nhwɛ deɛ ɛwɔ hɔ no so ntwerɛ bi nto hɔ.b Yɛhwɛ Israel ahemfo sei a, Yehowa ka kyerɛɛ wɔn sɛ wɔn mu biara nhwɛ Mmara no so ntwerɛ ne deɛ. (Deuteronomium 17:18) Afei nso, Onyankopɔn de hyɛɛ Lewifoɔ no nsa sɛ wɔnhwɛ sɛ wɔbɛkora Mmara no so, na wɔmfa emu nsɛm nkyerɛkyerɛ ɔmanfoɔ no. (Deuteronomium 31:26; Nehemia 8:7) Berɛ a Yudafoɔ no firii Babilon nkoasom mu baeɛ no, ebinom bɛyɛɛ atwerɛfoɔ a wɔfrɛ wɔn Soferimfoɔ. (Esra 7:6, aseɛ hɔ nsɛm) Nkakrankakra, saa atwerɛfoɔ no hwɛɛ ntwerɛeɛ a na ɛwɔ hɔ dada no so twerɛɛ nwoma 39 a ɛwɔ Hebri Twerɛnsɛm mu no pii.

Ɛfiri hɔ rekɔ no, atwerɛfoɔ a wɔbaeɛ no too wɔn bo ase paa hwɛɛ Hebri Twerɛnsɛm no so twerɛɛ bi. Ɛfiri afe 500 Y.B. kɔsi afe 1500 Y.B. mu hɔ baabi no, Yudafoɔ atwerɛfoɔ bi a wɔfrɛ wɔn Masoretefoɔ nso toaa so twerɛɛ bi. Nsaano ntwerɛeɛ a Masoretefoɔ yɛeɛ no, deɛ akyɛ paa a biribiara nyeraa wom no, wɔfrɛ no Leningrad Codex. Wɔyɛɛ no afe 1008 Y.B. kɔsi afe 1009 Y.B. mu hɔ baabi. Nanso bɛyɛ afe 1950 Y.B. mu no, nhwehwɛmufoɔ kɔhuu Bible nsaano ntwerɛeɛ ne nsaano ntwerɛeɛ asinasini bi sɛ ɛka Ɛpo a Awuo Ho Nwoma Mmobɔeɛ no ho. Deɛ wɔhunuiɛ no, na ne dodoɔ bɛyɛ 220. Saa Bible nsaano ntwerɛeɛ no, wɔyɛɛ no bɛboro mfeɛ apem ansa na Leningrad Codex no reba. Sɛ wode Ɛpo a Awuo Ho Nwoma Mmobɔeɛ no toto Leningrad Codex no ho a, wobɛhu biribi titire bi: Ɛwom sɛ nsɛmfua a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ mmienu no nyinaa mu no bi nyɛ pɛ deɛ, nanso nteaseɛ a ɛwom no yɛ pɛ.

Nwoma 27 a ɛwɔ Kristofoɔ Greek Twerɛnsɛm mu no nso ɛ? Wɔn a wɔtwerɛɛ saa nwoma no, na wɔn mu bi yɛ Yesu Kristo asomafoɔ, ɛnna wɔn mu kakra nso yɛ asuafoɔ afoforɔ a na wɔwɔ hɔ saa berɛ no. Sɛdeɛ Yudafoɔ atwerɛfoɔ no yɛeɛ no, tete Kristofoɔ no nso hwɛɛ twerɛnsɛm no so twerɛɛ bi. (Kolosefoɔ 4:16) Ɛwom, Roma Amrado Diocletian ne nnipa afoforɔ yɛɛ wɔn adwene sɛ wɔbɛsɛe Kristofoɔ nwoma a ɛwɔ hɔ saa berɛ no nyinaa, nanso tete nsaano ntwerɛeɛ mpempem pii da so ara wɔ hɔ nnɛ.

Nkurɔfoɔ kyerɛɛ Greek Twerɛnsɛm no ase kɔɔ kasa ahodoɔ mu. Bible nkyerɛaseɛ a akyɛ paa no bi ne deɛ wɔkyerɛɛ aseɛ kɔɔ kasa bi te sɛ Armenian, Coptic, Ethiopic, Georgian, Latin, ne Syriac mu.

DEƐ ƐYƐEƐ A WƆNYAA HEBRI NE GREEK NTWERƐEƐ A WƆBƐHWƐ SO AKYERƐ TWERƐNSƐM NO ASE

Atwerɛfoɔ a wɔhwɛɛ tete Bible nsaano ntwerɛeɛ no so twerɛɛ bi no, wode obiara deɛ toto ne yɔnko deɛ ho a, wobɛhunu nsonsonoeɛ nkakrankakra wom. Enti yɛbɛyɛ dɛn ahu nsɛm paa a na ɛwɔ tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no mu?

Yɛnhwɛ mfatoho yi. Fa no sɛ ɔkyerɛkyerɛfoɔ bi aka akyerɛ sukuufoɔ 100 sɛ wɔnhwɛ nwoma bi so ntwerɛ emu nsɛm no pɛpɛɛpɛ. Sɛ nwoma a sukuufoɔ 100 no hwɛɛ so no yera mpo, na wohwɛ deɛ obiara twerɛeɛ de toto ne yɔnko deɛ ho a, wobɛhu nsɛm a na ɛwɔ nwoma no ankasa mu. Ɛwom sɛ ebia sukuufoɔ no bi bɛtwerɛ nsɛm bi atĩ deɛ, nanso ɛrentumi mma sɛ faako a baako bɛtĩ no, obiara nso bɛtĩ wɔ hɔ. Tete Bible nsaano ntwerɛeɛ mpempem pii a atwerɛfoɔ ahodoɔ ayɛ no nso, sɛ abenfoɔ de obiara deɛ toto ne yɔnko deɛ ho a, wɔtumi hu baabi a atwerɛfoɔ no bi dii mfomsoɔ, na ɛboa wɔn ma wɔhu nsɛm ankasa a na ɛwɔ tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no mu.

Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn anya awerɛhyɛmu paa sɛ, Bible mu nsɛm a yɛwɔ nnɛ no, ɛno ara na na ɛwɔ tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no mu? Ɔbenfoɔ William H. Green kaa Hebri Twerɛnsɛm no ho asɛm sɛ: “Yɛbɛtumi aka no pen sɛ tete nwoma biara nni hɔ a wɔakora emu nsɛm so pɛpɛɛpɛ saa.” Kristofoɔ Greek Twerɛnsɛm a wɔtaa frɛ no Apam Foforɔ no nso, Bible ho ɔbenfoɔ F. F. Bruce kaa ho asɛm sɛ: “Tete atwerɛfoɔ nwoma a agye din no pii wɔ hɔ a, adanseɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ nti, nkurɔfoɔ gye tom sɛ emu nsɛm nsesaeɛ, nanso Apam Foforɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ seesei no mpo deɛ, yɛwɔ adanseɛ a ɛkyɛn saa koraa a ɛkyerɛ sɛ emu nsɛm nsesaeɛ.” Ɔde kaa ho sɛ: “Sɛ Apam Foforɔ no yɛ wiase nwoma bi a, anka obiara bɛgye atom sɛ emu nsɛm no nsesaeɛ.”

Hebri Ntwerɛeɛ: Hebri Twerɛnsɛm—Wiase Foforɔ Nkyerɛaseɛ a wɔyɛɛ no Borɔfo kasa mu (1953-1960) no, Biblia Hebraica a Rudolf Kittel yɛɛ ho adwuma no na wɔhwɛɛ so kyerɛɛ aseɛ. Ɛfiri saa berɛ no, ebinom de Ɛpo a Awuo Ho Nwoma Mmobɔeɛ ne tete nsaano ntwerɛeɛ ahodoɔ bi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi nti, Hebri ntwerɛeɛ a nkurɔfoɔ hwɛ so kyerɛ aseɛ kɔ kasa foforɔ mu no, wɔayɛ nsakraeɛ ahodoɔ wom. Hebri ntwerɛeɛ a wɔayɛ mu nsakraeɛ no, wɔfrɛ no Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ne Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Saa ntwerɛeɛ yi, wɔfaa emu nsɛm firii Leningrad Codex no mu, na wɔde aseɛ hɔ nsɛm bi a ɛkyerɛ sɛdeɛ ntwerɛeɛ afoforɔ kyerɛɛ nsɛm no bi ase kaa ho. Saa ntwerɛeɛ no bi ne Samariafoɔ Pentateuch, Ɛpo a Awuo Ho Nwoma Mmobɔeɛ, Greek Septuagint, Aram Targum Nkyerɛaseɛ, Latin Vulgate, ne Syriac Peshitta. Berɛ a yɛreyɛ Wiase Foforɔ Nkyerɛaseɛ foforɔ yi, yɛhwɛɛ Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia ne Biblia Hebraica Quinta mu faa nneɛma bi firii mu.

Greek Ntwerɛeɛ: Afe 1853 kɔsi afe 1881 mu hɔ no, ɔbenfoɔ B. F. Westcott ne ɔbenfoɔ F.J.A. Hort yɛɛ Greek ntwerɛeɛ bi a nkurɔfoɔ bɛhwɛ so akyerɛ aseɛ akɔ kasa foforɔ mu. Ná wɔpɛ sɛ ɛbɛn tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no paa. Deɛ ɛboaa wɔn ne sɛ, wɔfaa Bible nsaano ntwerɛeɛ ahodoɔ a na ɛwɔ hɔ saa berɛ no, ɛnna wɔde ebiara totoo foforɔ ho. Bɛyɛ afe 1950 no, Wiase Foforɔ Bible Nkyerɛaseɛ Kuo no hwɛɛ ntwerɛeɛ a abenfoɔ no yɛeɛ no so kyerɛɛ aseɛ. Afei nso, wɔhwɛɛ nsaano ntwerɛeɛ foforɔ a ɛwɔ mmɛwa nkrataa so a nkurɔfoɔ kyerɛ sɛ bɛyɛ afe 125 Y.B. kɔsi afe 300 Y.B. mu hɔ na wɔyɛeɛ no. Ɛfiri saa berɛ no, wɔahu mmɛwa nkrataa no pii aka ho. Nnansa yi nso, abenfoɔ bi ayɛ nhwehwɛmu ahodoɔ, na ama wɔayɛ Greek ntwerɛeɛ no bi a nkurɔfoɔ hwɛ so kyerɛ aseɛ kɔ kasa foforɔ mu. Ebi ne deɛ Nestle ne Aland yɛeɛ, ne deɛ United Bible Societies nso yɛeɛ no. Nneɛma bi a abenfoɔ no de baa mu no, yɛde aba yɛn deɛ a yɛayɛ no foforɔ yi mu.

Saa ntwerɛeɛ yi ama no abɛda adi sɛ, nsɛm bi wɔ Kristofoɔ Greek Twerɛnsɛm (deɛ wɔfrɛ no Apam Foforɔ) no mu a ɛnni tete deɛ a Onyankopɔn de ne honhom kaa nnipa ma wɔtwerɛeɛ no mu. Mmom wɔn a wɔhwɛɛ tete deɛ no so twerɛɛ bi akyire yi no na wɔde hyehyɛɛ mu. Wobɛhu wei ho nhwɛsoɔ wɔ Asante Twi Bible a The Bible Society of Ghana Yɛeɛ no mu. Nanso ɛduruu bɛyɛ afe 1550 a wɔmaa Bible nkyekyɛmu ahodoɔ nɔma no, na nkurɔfoɔ de saa twerɛnsɛm no ahyehyɛm dada, enti berɛ a wɔn a wɔkyerɛ Bible ase no pii yiyii saa nsɛm no firii wɔn Bible mu no, ɛmaa kwan bɛdedaa hɔ. Saa twerɛnsɛm no ne Mateo 17:21; 18:11; 23:14; Marko 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28; Luka 17:36; 23:17; Yohane 5:4; Asomafoɔ Nnwuma 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29; ne Romafoɔ 16:24. Bible a yɛayɛ no foforɔ yi mu no, yɛde aseɛ hɔ nsɛm ahyehyɛ baabi a yɛayiyi saa twerɛnsɛm no afiri no.

Sɛ yɛhwɛ Marko 16 awieeɛ asɛm a ɛware (nkyekyɛmu 9-20), Marko 16 awieeɛ asɛm a ɛyɛ tia, ne asɛm a ɛwɔ Yohane 7:53–8:11 no a, yɛtumi hu sɛ emu biara nni hɔ a na ɛwɔ tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no mu. Enti yɛamfa saa nsɛm no amma Bible foforɔ yi mu.

Afei nso nsɛm bi wɔ hɔ a yɛasesa mu kakra, ɛfiri sɛ abenfoɔ dodoɔ no ara abɛgye atom sɛ ɛno paa na ɛbɛn tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no. Ɛho nhwɛsoɔ ne sɛ, wohwɛ nsaano ntwerɛeɛ ahodoɔ bi mu a, Mateo 7:13 kenkan sɛ: “Momfa ɛpono teateaa no mu, ɛfiri sɛ ɛpono a ɛso ne ɛkwan a ɛtrɛ no kɔ ɔsɛeɛ mu.” Wiase Foforɔ Nkyerɛaseɛ dada a yɛyɛeɛ no mu no, na asɛm “ɛpono” no nni saa twerɛsɛm no mu. Nanso nsaano ntwerɛeɛ ahodoɔ ama no ada adi sɛ, na asɛm “ɛpono” no wɔ tete deɛ a wɔdii kan twerɛeɛ no mu. Enti yɛde ahyɛ Bible foforɔ yi mu. Yɛayɛ nsakraeɛ afoforɔ bi a ɛte saa nso. Nanso saa nsakraeɛ no yɛ nketenkete; emu biara nni hɔ a ɛsesa nteaseɛ a ɛwɔ Onyankopɔn Asɛm mu no.